摩登伽經明時分別品第七
Chapter 7: On Distinctions of Time
「『大婆羅門！我今更說晝夜分數長短時節，汝當善聽。冬十一月，其日最短，晝夜分別有三十分，晝十二分、夜十八分。五月夏至日，晝十八分、夜十二分。八月二月，晝夜停等。自從五月，日退夜進；至十一月，夜退日進。至於五月，日夜進退，亦一分進亦一分退。月朔起於初月一日，其月起於二月一日。節氣起春。
"Great Brahmin! Now I will further explain the divisions of day and night, their lengths, and the seasons. Listen well. In the eleventh month of winter, the days are shortest—day and night are divided into thirty parts, with twelve parts of daylight and eighteen parts of night. At the summer solstice in the fifth month, there are eighteen parts of daylight and twelve parts of night. In the eighth and second months, day and night are equal. From the fifth month onward, daylight decreases and night increases; until the eleventh month, night decreases and daylight increases. By the fifth month, both day and night advance and retreat—one part advances and one part retreats. The month begins with the first day of the new moon; the season begins with the first month. The seasonal cycle starts in spring.
「『我當復說剎那分數。婦人紡綖得長一尋，是則名為剎那時也。六十剎那名一羅婆，三十羅婆名為一時。此一時者，日一分也。凡三十分為一日夜。此三十分，各有名字。日初出分，名曰四月。二月一日日初出時，人影長於九十六尋。第二影長六十尋。第三名富影，長十二尋。第四名屋影，長六尋。五名大富影，長五尋。六名三圍影，長四尋。七名對面影，長三尋。第八名共，於日正中，影共人等。第九名尺影，長三尋。第十名勢影，長四尋。十一名勝影，長五尋。十二大堅影，長六尋。十三婆修影，十二尋。十四端正影，六十尋。十五凶惡影，九十六尋。此是一日十五分名。日沒名惡，二名星現，三名快攝，四名安隱，五名無邊，第六名忽，七名羅剎，第八名眠，第九名梵，第十名地提，十一鳥鳴，十二名才，十三名火，十四影足，十五近聚。此是晝夜三十分名。是三十分名一晝夜，三十晝夜名為一月，此十二月名為一歲也。
"I shall now explain the subdivisions of a moment. When a woman spinning thread produces a length of one fathom, that is called a moment. Sixty moments make one 'lava,' and thirty 'lava' make one 'kala' (hour). This one 'kala' is one sixtieth of a day. Altogether, thirty such divisions make up a day and night. Each of these thirty divisions has its own name.
The first division at sunrise is called 'Fourth Month.' On the first day of the second month, at sunrise, a person's shadow is ninety-six fathoms long. The second shadow is sixty fathoms long. The third is called 'Rich Shadow,' twelve fathoms long. The fourth is called 'House Shadow,' six fathoms long. The fifth is called 'Great Rich Shadow,' five fathoms long. The sixth is called 'Three-Circumference Shadow,' four fathoms long. The seventh is called 'Facing Shadow,' three fathoms long. The eighth is called 'Equal,' for at midday, the shadow is equal to the person's height. The ninth is called 'Foot-Rule Shadow,' three fathoms long. The tenth is called 'Power Shadow,' four fathoms long. The eleventh is called 'Superior Shadow,' five fathoms long. The twelfth is called 'Great Firm Shadow,' six fathoms long. The thirteenth is called 'Vasu Shadow,' twelve fathoms long. The fourteenth is called 'Upright Shadow,' sixty fathoms long. The fifteenth is called 'Fierce Shadow,' ninety-six fathoms long.
These are the names of the fifteen daytime divisions. After sunset, the divisions are called: First, 'Fierce'; second, 'Star Appearing'; third, 'Swift Gathering'; fourth, 'Peaceful'; fifth, 'Boundless'; sixth, 'Sudden'; seventh, 'Rakshasa'; eighth, 'Sleep'; ninth, 'Brahma'; tenth, 'Earth-Bearing'; eleventh, 'Bird Call'; twelfth, 'Talent'; thirteenth, 'Fire'; fourteenth, 'Shadow Complete'; fifteenth, 'Near Gathering.'
These are the names of the thirty divisions of a day and night. Thirty such day-and-night cycles make one month, and twelve such months make one year.
「『大婆羅門！今復說漏刻之法。如人瞬頃，名一羅婆，此四羅婆名一迦啅，四十迦啅名一迦羅，三十迦羅則名一刻，如是二刻名為一分。一刻用水盈滿五升，圓筩四寸以承瓶下，黃金六銖以為此筩，漏水五升是名一刻。如是時法，我已分別。今說里數由旬之法。七微塵名一細，七細名一塵，七塵為一兔毛，七兔毛名一羊毛，七羊毛名一牛毛，七牛毛名曰一蟣，七蟣名一虱，七虱名一麥，七麥名一指，十二指名毘多悉提，二毘多悉提名一肘，四肘名一弓，千弓名一聲，四聲名一由旬。我今復說斤兩輕重。十二麥名一大豆，十六大豆名修跋那，重十二銖。二十四銖名為一兩，十六兩名為一斤。二兩名一婆羅，二婆羅名一撮，二撮名一掬，六掬名鉢悉他。二十四婆羅名摩伽陀鉢悉他。如是廣說斤兩數法。
"Great Brahmin, now let me explain the measurement of time. As quick as a blink of the eye is called one *luopo*. Four *luopo* make one *jiazhuo*. Forty *jiazhuo* make one *jialuo*. Thirty *jialuo* make one *ke* (a quarter hour). Two such *ke* make one *fen* (a half hour). During one *ke*, water fills a five-liter vessel. A four-inch-wide bronze tube, weighing six *zhu* of gold, is placed beneath the vessel to catch the drip. When five liters of water have drained through, that marks one *ke*. Thus have I explained the method of timekeeping.
Now I will explain the measurement of distance by *yojana*. Seven atoms make one *xi* (fine particle). Seven *xi* make one *chen* (dust mote). Seven dust motes make one rabbit's hair. Seven rabbit hairs make one sheep's wool. Seven sheep's wools make one cow's hair. Seven cow's hairs make one *ji* (louse egg). Seven lice eggs make one louse. Seven lice make one grain of barley. Seven barley grains make one finger-width. Twelve finger-widths make one *piduoxiti* (span). Two spans make one cubit. Four cubits make one bow-length. One thousand bow-lengths make one *sheng* (call). Four *sheng* make one *yojana*.
Now I will explain the measurement of weight. Twelve barley grains make one soybean. Sixteen soybeans make one *xiubana*, which weighs twelve *zhu*. Twenty-four *zhu* make one *liang* (ounce). Sixteen *liang* make one *jin* (pound). Two *liang* make one *poluo*. Two *poluo* make one *cuo* (pinch). Two pinches make one *ju* (handful). Six handfuls make one *poxita* (measure). Twenty-four *poluo* make one *magatuo poxita* (standard measure). Thus have I explained the full system of weights and measures.
「『大婆羅門！我今復說月在眾宿病者輕重，宜應善聽。月在昴宿，有得病者，酪飯祭火，四日乃愈。月在畢宿，其得病者，以香祭火，五日後愈。月在嘴宿，有得病者，豆糜祭月，八日方愈。月在參宿，有得病者，當以乳糜祭四道神，十日得愈。月在井宿，其得病者，香花祭日，八日得愈。月在鬼宿，有得病者，花祭歲星，五日除愈。月在柳宿，得病多死，不宜療治。月在七星，病者至困，以胡麻糜祭其先人，八日乃愈。月在張宿，其得病者，香花祭神，七日乃愈。月在翼宿，至惡難差。月在軫宿，其得病者，香花祭神，五日除愈。月在角宿，其得病者，豆糜祭神，八日得愈。月在亢宿，其得病者，極惡難治，二十五日乃可得愈，宜花祭神。月在氐宿，有病者重，經十九日乃可除愈，宜花祭神。月在房宿，其有病者，經十五日，以酥祭神乃可得愈。月在心宿，有得病者，經十二日，極重難治，宜以香花祭天帝釋乃可得愈。月在尾宿，其得病者經三十日，胡麻祭神乃可除差。月在箕宿，病經八日，應以麻糜祭於水神。月在斗宿，病經七日，宜以乳糜用祭諸神。月在女宿，病至難治，經十二日，花祭山神乃可除愈。月在虛宿，經十三日，宜以酥糜香花祭神。月在危宿，病十三日，宜酥乳糜用祭水神。月在室宿，病者難治。月在壁宿，病經七日，花祭竈神，然後可愈。月在奎宿，病者必經二十八日，宜以香花祭於神祇。月在婁宿，病者必經二十五日，麥粥祭神，後可除愈。月在胃宿，病者難治。是則名為月在眾宿病輕重相。
"Great Brahmin! Now I will speak further about the severity of illness corresponding to the moon's position among the constellations. Listen well. When the moon is in the constellation Aldebaran (Mao), a sick person should offer barley porridge to the fire and will recover in four days. When the moon is in the Hyades (Bi), a sick person should offer incense to the fire and will recover after five days. When the moon is in Orion's head (Zui), a sick person should offer bean porridge to the moon and will recover after eight days. When the moon is in Orion (Shen), a sick person should offer milk porridge to the gods of the four directions and will recover in ten days. When the moon is in Gemini (Jing), a sick person should offer fragrant flowers to the sun and will recover in eight days. When the moon is in Cancer (Gui), a sick person should offer flowers to Jupiter and will recover in five days. When the moon is in Leo's head (Liu), illness is often fatal and should not be treated. When the moon is in Leo (Qi Xing), the sick person will be severely afflicted; offering sesame porridge to one's ancestors will bring recovery in eight days. When the moon is in Leo's tail (Zhang), a sick person should offer fragrant flowers to the gods and will recover in seven days. When the moon is in Crater (Yi), the illness is extremely severe and hard to cure. When the moon is in Corvus (Zhen), a sick person should offer fragrant flowers to the gods and will recover in five days. When the moon is in Virgo's horn (Jiao), a sick person should offer bean porridge to the gods and will recover in eight days. When the moon is in Virgo's neck (Kang), the illness is extremely severe and hard to treat; recovery may come after twenty-five days, and flowers should be offered to the gods. When the moon is in Virgo's root (Di), the illness is serious; recovery may come after nineteen days, and flowers should be offered to the gods. When the moon is in Libra (Fang), a sick person should offer butter to the gods after fifteen days and will recover. When the moon is in Scorpio's heart (Xin), a sick person will face a very severe and hard-to-treat illness for twelve days; offering fragrant flowers to Lord Indra will bring recovery. When the moon is in Scorpio's tail (Wei), a sick person should offer sesame to the gods after thirty days and will recover. When the moon is in Sagittarius (Ji), illness lasts eight days; one should offer sesame porridge to the water god. When the moon is in Sagittarius's dipper (Dou), illness lasts seven days; one should offer milk porridge to the gods. When the moon is in Capricorn (Nü), the illness is very hard to treat; after twelve days, offering flowers to the mountain god will bring recovery. When the moon is in Aquarius (Xu), after thirteen days, one should offer butter porridge and fragrant flowers to the gods. When the moon is in Aquarius's roof (Wei), illness lasts thirteen days; one should offer butter and milk porridge to the water god. When the moon is in Pisces (Shi), the sick person's illness is hard to treat. When the moon is in Pisces's wall (Bi), after seven days of illness, offering flowers to the kitchen god will bring recovery. When the moon is in Aries (Kui), the sick person will certainly suffer for twenty-eight days; offering fragrant flowers to the deities will help. When the moon is in Aries's bundle (Lou), the sick person will certainly suffer for twenty-five days; offering wheat porridge to the gods will bring recovery. When the moon is in Taurus's stomach (Wei), the sick person's illness is hard to treat. This is what is called the severity of illness corresponding to the moon's position among the constellations.
「『大婆羅門！我今復說月在諸宿，被囚執者解脫遲速。月在昴宿，被囚執者三日必免。畢宿亦然。嘴星被執，二十一日然後得免。參十五日，井宿七日，鬼宿三日，柳三十日，七星十六日，張宿十日，翼宿七日，軫宿五日，角宿七日，亢宿十日，氐二十六日，房十九日，心十八日，尾三十六日，箕十四日，斗、牛、女、虛、危、室、壁、奎宿皆十四日而後得免。婁宿三日。胃宿被執，難可得免。是則名為月在眾宿繫閉遲速。
「『我今復說黑子之相。婦人項上有黶紫色，夫必為王。其色若黑，乳間有報，夫為將軍。眉間有黑，報黶在頸，經歷五夫，衣食不乏。頰上有黑，報黶在背，孤寡歷年，夫難可得。耳上黑者，報黶在腰，強記博識。上脣有黑，報黶在手，為人欺誑。下脣有黑，報黶在下，性多婬泆，不乏飲食。頤上黑者，在下有報，自然餚饍，無所乏少。
「『大婆羅門！我今復說月會諸宿。六月中旬，月在女宿，未在七星。其一月中，晝十七分、夜十三分。爾時當樹十二寸表，量日中影長於五寸。七月中旬，月在室宿，未在於翼，晝十六分、夜十四分，影長八寸。八月中旬，月在婁宿，未在於亢，影十三寸，晝夜各分，為十五分。九月中旬，月在昴宿，未在於房，影十五寸，晝十四分、夜十六分。十月中旬，月在嘴宿，未在於箕，影十八寸，晝十三分、夜十七分。十一月中旬，月在鬼宿，未在於女，中影則有二十一寸，晝十二分、夜十八分。臘月中旬，月在七星，未在於危，影十八寸，晝十三分、夜十七分。正月中旬，月在翼宿，未在於奎，影十五寸，晝十四分、夜十六分。二月中旬，月在角宿，未在於胃，影十三寸，晝夜十五，為三十分。三月中旬，月在氐宿，未在於畢，中影十寸，晝十六分、夜十四分。四月中旬，月在心宿，未在於參，中影七寸，晝十七分、夜十三分。五月中旬，月在箕宿，未在於鬼，中影四寸，晝十八分、夜十二分。如是等名月會宿法。我今更說出閏之要。於十九年凡有七閏。五年再閏，其日五月至於十月盡，皆南行，夜增一分、日減一分。從十一月至盡四月，皆俱北行，晝加一分、夜減一分。月形增損，由日遠近。日、月、熒惑、辰星、歲星、太白、鎮星，是為七曜。其歲星者，於十二歲始一周天。其鎮星者，二十八歲乃一周天。太白歲半始一周天，熒惑二歲始一周天，辰星一歲乃一周天。凡歲三百六十五日，日一周天；月三十日乃一周天。此是七曜周天數法。我今更說二十八宿所主之者。昴主帝王，畢主天下，嘴主曠野并及大臣，參井亦然，柳主龍蛇依山住者，七星主於種甘蔗人，張主盜賊，翼主坐人，軫星主於城內居士，角主飛鳥，亢主出家修福之者，氐主水人及與蟲獸，房主商價及以御人，心星所主如昂嘴說，尾主行人，箕主乘騎，斗如上說，牛主南方赤衣盜賊及戲笑者，虛主中土，危主醫筮合塗香者，壁星惟主能作樂者，奎主乘船，婁當市馬，胃主耕種。如是分別星紀所屬。』是時蓮華實聞是語已，讚摩登伽：『善者仁者，所言誠諦。今以吾女用妻卿子，不須財物，可為婚姻。』諸婆羅門聞是語已，咸生瞋恚而作是言：『云何以女與此下賤？』時蓮華實告弟子言：『法無二相，悉皆同等。汝今勿生憍慢之心。』語帝勝伽：『汝可受水，當與卿女。』時摩登伽成婚姻已，歡喜而去。諸比丘！時摩登伽，我身是也。蓮華實者，舍利弗是。師子耳者，阿難是也。爾時女者，今性比丘尼是。以於往昔日曾為夫妻，愛心未息，今故隨逐。」說是經時，六十比丘遠塵離垢，得阿羅漢。諸婆羅門得法眼淨。
佛說是經已，波斯匿王及四部眾，歡喜奉行。
摩登伽經卷下
此卷第三紙第二十行，月離女星之上，丹藏有注云：脫牛宿。挍曰：下此注者曾未知西域唯用二十七宿。凡言脫者，言其容有而無。彼本不用，經無理然。何云脫耶？如孰函文殊師利宿曜經中，凡有七段重明宿曜，段段唯有二十七宿而無牛宿。景風注云：唐用二十八宿，西國除牛宿，以其天主事之。斯其證也。