--- title: "六道集 · 列名" description: "六道集是清代高僧弘贊輯錄的一部佛教經典，成書於清初。該書系統彙編了佛教關於六道輪迴的教義，詳細闡述了天道、人道、阿修羅道、畜生道、餓鬼道和地獄道的因果業報與生命形態。弘贊以嚴謹的態度輯錄諸經論要義，結合中土文化背景進行闡釋，為研究佛教輪迴思想提供了重要文獻依據。作為清代佛教重要典籍，六道集在漢傳佛教中具有承前啟後的地位，既是修行者理解業報法則的指南，也是學者研究佛教宇宙觀與生命觀的關鍵文本，對後世佛教理論發展影響深遠。" url: "https://rushiwowen.co/en/r/cma7itno300p9l20afw8bsl94" --- 地獄者。胡言泥犁。梵音名捺落迦。捺落名人。迦名為惡。惡人生彼處。故名捺落迦。有翻為不可樂。或翻苦具。或翻苦器由彼先時。造作增長。增上暴惡。身語意惡行。往彼令彼相續。故名捺落迦。地獄者。從義立名。謂地下之獄也。又獄者。局也。謂拘局罪人。不得自在。故名地獄。婆沙論云。謂彼罪人。為獄卒阿傍之所拘制。不得自在也。然此之一道。有其多處。或在地下。或處地上。或居空中。故梵本不云地獄。而言捺落迦。論云。此贍部洲下。有大地獄。洲上有邊地獄。及獨地獄。或在谷中山上。或在曠野空中。或海邊廟中。餘三洲。惟有邊獨地獄。無大地獄。如此地獄雖多。準三法度論經。總為三攝。一熱。二寒。三邊。 > The word "hell" is a transliteration from the Hu language, rendered as "niraya." In Sanskrit, it is called "Naraka." "Nara" means "person," and "ka" means "evil." Evil people are born in that place, so it is called Naraka. Some translate it as "joyless," others as "instrument of suffering," or "vessel of suffering." Because those beings previously created, accumulated, and intensified violent and evil actions of body, speech, and mind, they go there and their suffering continues without interruption—thus it is called Naraka. "Hell" is a name derived from its meaning—it refers to a prison beneath the ground. Also, "prison" means confinement—it confines sinners so they have no freedom, hence "hell." The Mahāvibhāṣā Śāstra says: those sinners are restrained by the hell wardens and their minions, and have no freedom. However, this single realm has many locations—some are underground, some are on the ground, and some are in space. That is why the Sanskrit text does not say "hell" but says "Naraka." The treatise says: Beneath this Jambudvīpa there is a great hell. On the continent there are bordering hells and isolated hells—some in valleys, on mountains, in open wilderness, in the air, or by the seashore in shrines. In the other three continents, there are only bordering and isolated hells, with no great hell. Although hells are numerous like this, according to the Tridharmaka Śāstra Sūtra, they are all summarized into three categories: first, hot; second, cold; third, bordering. 第一熱獄有八。在贍部洲下。謂此洲下有五百由旬土泥。次下有五百由旬白墡。次下一萬九千由旬。有七大獄。於中安立。次下二萬由旬。是無間獄。從洲下至無間獄底。共有四萬由旬。無間縱廣高下。各二萬由旬。七獄一一縱廣有萬由旬。贍部洲。下至無間。上尖下濶。猶如穀聚。八獄於中重壘而住。長阿含經云。大地獄。其數總八。其八獄。各有十六小獄圍繞。謂其八獄。各有四門。一一門外。各有四遊增。有情遊彼。其苦增故。一煻煨增。二屍糞增。三鋒刃增。此增復有三種。一刀刃路。二劒葉林。三鐵刺林。此三種。皆鐵林。故同一增攝也。四烈河增。并前本獄。以為十七。如是八大獄。并諸眷屬總有一百三十六所。故經中說。有一百三十六捺落迦也一等活獄。亦名更活。或獄卒唱令生。或冷風吹活。兩緣雖異。令活一等。故名等活獄。由習近殺害。樂習增長。墮此獄中。人間五十歲。此獄為一晝夜。壽五百歲。如上四天王壽二黑繩獄。先以鐵繩拼。後以鐵斧斫。由習近殺生偷盜。墮此獄中。人間一百歲。此獄為一晝夜。壽一千歲。如上忉利天壽三眾合獄。亦名眾磕。兩山下合。以磕罪人由習近殺生。倫盜。邪婬。墮此獄中。人間二百歲。此獄為一晝夜。壽二千歲。如上夜摩天壽四呼呼獄。亦名叫喚。獄卒逼趣罪人。叫呼而走。由習近殺盜婬妄。墮此獄中。人間四百歲。此獄為一晝夜。壽四千歲。如上兜率天壽五大呼獄。亦名大呼喚。四山火起。欲逃無路。號咷大叫。由習近殺盜婬妄。勸人飲酒。墮此獄中。人間八百歲。此獄為一晝夜。壽八千歲。如上化樂天壽六燒然獄。亦名炎熱。火鐵狹近。於中受熱。由殺盜婬妄飲酒邪見。墮此獄中。人間一千六百歲。此獄為一晝夜。壽一萬六千歲。如上他化天壽七大燒然獄。亦名大炎熱。山火相搏。鏟炙罪人。由殺盜婬妄。以酒飲人。邪見不信。或破比丘比丘尼戒。墮此獄中。壽經半劫八無間獄亦名無擇。一投苦火。永無樂間。既苦無間。何所可擇。無彈指頃歇苦。由作五逆業。墮此獄中。梵名阿鼻。此云無間。亦名無救。觀佛三昧經云。阿鼻獄受大苦一日一夜。如人間六十小劫。如是壽命盡一大劫。具五逆者受罪五劫。復有眾生。犯四重禁。虛食信施。誹謗邪見。不識因果。斷學般若。毀十方佛。偷僧物。婬泆無道。逼掠淨尼。毀辱所親。此人罪報經十萬四千大劫。復入東方十八鬲中受苦。南西北方。亦復如是。 第二寒獄。亦有八。在此洲外。鐵圍山底。仰向居止。罪人於中受寒凍苦。一頞浮陀獄。由寒苦所切。肉生細匏二泥羅浮陀獄。此云疱裂。由寒風吹。通身疱裂。此二獄。從身相受名三阿吒吒獄。由寒苦增甚。脣動不得。惟舌得動。故作此聲四阿波波獄。由寒增甚。舌動不得。脣作此聲五嘔喉獄。由寒增甚。脣舌不得動。喉內振氣。故作此聲。此上三獄。約受苦聲。以立名也六󳬂波羅獄。此云青蓮華。此華葉細。由肉色細坼。似此華裂七波頭摩獄。此云赤蓮華。由肉色大坼。似此華開八分陀利獄此云白蓮華。由彼骨坼。似此華開。此上三獄。從瘡相受名。此八獄中。眾生極寒所逼。由身聲瘡變異。故立此名。若小寒氷獄。隨處亦有。如後劉薩訶所見者。按地藏經。大地獄有十八。次有五百。乃至千百。名號各別。十八泥犂經。具十八名字。一一獄中。受苦各異。壽命長短不同。詳如二經。此不繁錄。 第三邊獄。有三。一山間。二水間。三曠野。受別業報。此應寒熱雜受。㽵椿錄云。孤獨地獄。在閻浮提諸處。有八萬四千座。苦報轉輕。如僧護。億耳。所見者今總約其報。第一根本極重之罪。殺父母。殺阿羅漢。破和合僧。逼奸淨尼。出佛身血。無有懺悔。五逆之罪。及上上品十惡業。感八大地獄。上中品十惡。生寒冰等地獄。上下品十惡。生孤獨小地獄中。經云。閻羅王一念之惡。便總獄事。自身受苦。亦不可論。閻羅大王。昔為毗沙國王。與維陀始王共戰。兵力不如。因立誓願。願我後生為地獄主。治此罪人。十八大臣。及百萬眾。皆悉同願。毗沙王者。今閻羅王是。十八大臣。今十八獄主是。百萬之眾。今牛頭阿旁等是。地獄經云。閻王住地獄間。宮城縱廣三萬里。銅鐵所成。每日晝夜三時。有大銅鑊。滿中烊銅。自然在前。有大獄卒。臥王熱鐵牀上。鐵鈎擘口。烊銅灌之。縱咽徹下。無不燋爛。彼諸大臣。亦復如是。受罪畢。復起治事。十八獄主者。一曰迦延。典泥犂獄。二號屈遵。典刀山獄。三名沸進壽。典沸沙獄。四名沸曲。典沸屎獄。五名迦世。典黑耳獄。六名𭗡傞。典火車獄。七名湯謂。典鑊湯獄。八名鐵迦然。典鐵牀獄。九名惡生。典𭗡山獄。十名呻吟。典寒冰獄。十一毗迦。典剝皮獄。十二遙頭。典畜生獄。十三提薄。典刀兵獄。十四夷大。典鐵磨獄。十五悅頭。典灰河獄。十六穿骨。典鐵柵獄。十七名身。典蛆蟲獄。十八觀身。典烊銅獄。如是各有無量地獄。以為眷屬。獄有一主。牛頭阿旁。其性𠒋虐。無一慈忍。見諸眾生。受此惡報。惟憂不苦。惟恐不毒。或問阿旁云。眾生受苦。甚可悲念。而汝常懷酷毒。無慈愍心。阿旁答言。如此罪惡諸受苦者。不孝父母。謗佛。謗法。謗僧賢聖。罵辱六親。輕慢師長。毀陷一切。惡口。兩舌。諂曲。嫉妒。離他骨肉。瞋恚殺害。貪欲欺詐。邪命邪求。及以邪見。懈怠放逸。造諸怨結。如是等人。來此受苦。每至免脫之日。恒加勸諭。此中劇苦。非可忍耐。汝今得出。勿復更造。而此罪人。初無改悔。今日得出。俄頃復還。展轉輪迴。不知痛苦。令我筋力身疲。此諸眾生。從劫至劫。與其相對。以是事故。我於罪人。無片慈心。故加楚毒。望其知苦。知慚知恥。不復更還。觀此眾生。真實至苦。終不肯避。決不修善。往趣涅槃。既是無知之物。不知避苦求樂。所以痛劇。倍於人間。何容於此而生慈忍。正法念經云。閻羅王為罪人說偈曰。汝得人身不修道。如入寶山空手歸。汝今自作還自受。叫喚苦者欲何為。餘諸地獄相狀刑具。及受報差別等事。經論備載。此不繁錄。然凡夫所造善惡之業。如形影隨身。人死但亡其身。不亡其行。如然火夜書。火滅字存。火至後成。今世所作。後世成之。故經云。若言業無住處者。是業住於過去世中。待時待器。得受果報。如人服藥。經於時節。藥雖消滅。時到則發。好力好色。身口意業。亦復如是。雖是過業。時到則受。譬如小兒。初所學事。雖念念滅。無有住處。然至百年。亦不忘失。餘如經說。