第一卷摩竭提
Book 1: Magadha
或云摩竭陁亦言默偈陁又作摩伽陁皆梵音訛轉也正言摩揭陁此譯云善勝國或云无𢙉害國一說云摩伽星名此言不𢙣主十二月也陁者𠁅也名為不𢙣𠁅國亦名星𠁅國也揭音渠謁反。華䰓
Magadha is also called Mojiètuo, or Mogatuo, all of which are slight mispronunciations of the original Sanskrit word. The correct pronunciation is Mójiétuó. This kingdom is translated as "Good and Victorious Land," or "Land of No Harm." Another explanation says that Maga is the name of a star, here meaning "not evil," and it rules over the twelfth month. The word dha means "place." Thus, it is called the "Land of No Evil" or the "Star Place." The character 揭 is pronounced with the initial "qu" and the final "è."
梵言俱蘇摩此譯云華摩羅此譯云䰓音蠻案西國結䰓師多用蘇摩那華行列結之以為條貫無問男女貴賤皆此㽵嚴或首或身以為飾好則諸經中有華䰓市天䰓寶䰓等同其事也字體從髟音所銜反臱聲臱音彌然反經文作𩭈非體也。踰摩
In Sanskrit, *kusuma* is translated as "flower," and *mālā* is translated as "garland." In Western lands, Buddhist practitioners often string together *sumana* flowers in a row to make a garland. Regardless of gender or social status, people adorn themselves with these garlands—wearing them on their heads or around their bodies as ornaments. This is the same practice referred to in the sutras when they mention "flower garlands," "heavenly garlands," and "jeweled garlands." The character for this word is written with the radical *biao* (hair, pronounced *suǒ xián fǎn*), and takes *miáo* (pronounced *rán fǎn*) as its phonetic component. In the sutra texts, it is sometimes written as *mán*, which is incorrect. *Yúmó*.
字書作逾同𢈔俱反字林踰越也廣疋踰度也言摩𡰱者訛也正言末𡰱謂珠之捴名也。罣礙
A text called "Yu" means "to cross over" or "to surmount," according to ancient dictionaries. The word "Mani" is actually a mispronunciation, and the correct term is "Muni," which refers to a general name for precious jewels. [This passage refers to] "hindrance" or "obstruction."
字略作罫同胡卦反網礙也下古文硋同五代反說文礙止也又作閡郭璞以為古文礙字說文閡外閉也經文作㝵音都勒反業衛宏詔定古文官書㝵得二字同體說文㝵取也尚書高宗夢㝵說是也㝵非此義。盧舍那
Lu Shan Na
或云嚧柘那亦言盧折羅此譯云照謂遍照也以報佛淨色遍周法界故也又日月燈光遍周𠁅亦名盧舍那其義是也。迴復
Some say "Vairocana" or "Locana"—this translates as "Illumination," meaning universal radiance. Because the pure form of the Reward Body (sambhogakaya) pervades the entire Dharma realm. Similarly, the light of the sun, moon, and lamps shines everywhere, and so it is also called Vairocana—this meaning is the same.
又作洄澓二形同胡瓌𭷀福反三蒼洄水轉也澓深也亦迴水也深也。癡𥌒
"Whirlpool" and "eddy" are both forms of swirling water. "Hui" (洄) refers to the turning of water, while "fu" (澓) means deep water, or the deep, returning flow of water. This is the blindness of ignorance.
公戶反三蒼無目謂之𥌒𥼶名云𥌒目者眠眠然目平合如皷皮也。切𠛴
An ancient text states: "When Gōng Hù reversed the Sān Cāng (ancient dictionaries), it said 'a person without eyes is called *gǔ*.'" The *Shì Míng* (an etymological dictionary) explains: "The character *gǔ* (blind) describes eyes that are shut tight, with the surface of the eyes flat and closed, like the skin of a drum." This is the meaning behind the word.
又作擦同音察梵言差多羅此譯云土田經中或言國或云土者同其義也或作剎土者存二音也即剎帝利名字田主者亦是也案𠛴書无此字即㓼字略也㓼音初一反浮圖名剎者訛也應言剌瑟𦙁剌音力割反此譯云竿人以柱代之名為剎柱以安佛骨義同土田故名剎也以彼西國塔竿頭安舍利故也。沮壞
**Chā** is also written as **chà** (same sound). In Sanskrit, it is called *kṣetra*, which translates to "field" (土田). In scriptures, it is sometimes called "land" (國) or "earth" (土), both carrying the same meaning. When written as **chà tǔ** (剎土), it retains both sounds (Sanskrit-Chinese hybrid). The term *kṣatriya* (剎帝利) means "field owner" (田主), which also matches this concept.
Please note that the character **chà** (剎) is not found in ancient dictionaries; it is a simplified form of the character **chì** (㓼, pronounced *chū yī fǎn* in old phonetics). The Buddhist term **chà** (剎) is a phonetic corruption of the original Sanskrit word. The correct Sanskrit term is *la-kṣaṇa* (剌瑟𦙁, *la* pronounced *lì gē fǎn*), which translates to "pole" (竿). People used this pole as a substitute for a pillar, naming it the **chà pillar** (剎柱), to enshrine the Buddha's relics. Its meaning is connected to "land" or "field," which is why it is called **chà**. In Western (Indian) practice, relic bones (śarīra) are placed at the top of such pillars (stūpas).
才與反三蒼沮漸也壞敗也經文作俎側呂反貯醢器也一日置肉几也俎非此用。
"Only when" is used, but "reverse the three silences" refers to growing doubts. "Spoil and ruin" are shown in these texts.
(The character "zu" is read with the initial "ce" and final "lü," meaning a vessel for storing minced meat; another meaning is a board used for placing meat. However, "zu" is not used here in that sense.)