布薩
Uposatha
布薩。梵語訛略。具云鉢多帝提舍那寐。此云相向說罪。即今半月半月說戒。問清淨者是也。凡住處當立說戒堂。遇白月．黑月。十四．十五日。諸小比丘當先往堂中。洒掃．敷設坐具．淨水．然燈等一切所需之物。時到。令淨人．沙彌打楗椎三通。界內比丘盡集。惟除未受戒及犯罪未懺悔者。不許聽。有為病因緣．或如法僧事。聽與欲。若𤨏末。非如法僧事。不聽與欲。其來集現前人。有可呵．不得呵。是名僧集。和合僧中。差一人能羯磨者。作白．說戒。說者高座。聽者下座。各各披七條衣。依次而坐。如無事緣阻。當全誦戒本。若有事緣阻。隨所至處便止。餘云。僧常聞。或有事急。不得誦時。即起座。或有勢力人要來聽戒者。或先一日誦．或延至次日誦。或正誦戒時。來者。便當止云。僧常聞。或有強要誦畢者。當亂其句讀誦之。俾彼不可解也。
The Posadha (Buddhist Observance Day). This is a Sanskrit term rendered in abbreviated form; in full it is called Upoadhāna-iṣṭa-na-me. In Chinese this means "confessing offenses facing one another." That is, the recitation of the Precepts every half month, which is what is meant by asking "Is it pure?" Whenever there is a dwelling place, a Precept-recitation hall should be established. When the white half-month or black half-month arrives—on the fourteenth or fifteenth day—the junior monks should first go into the hall and sweep, clean, spread out seating mats, provide pure water, light lamps, and prepare all other necessities. When the time comes, have the pure persons and novices strike the wooden signal board three times. All monks within the boundary gather together, except those who have not received the Precepts and those who have committed offenses without confessing them—these are not permitted to listen. Those who are ill or have cause, or who are engaged in lawful Sangha business, may be permitted to send their consent. For trivial matters, or matters that are not lawful Sangha business, consent to send is not permitted. Those who come and are present before the assembly, if there is something that should be criticized, they should not be criticized; this is called the assembly being gathered. In a harmonious Sangha, one capable of performing the karmavācā rite is appointed to make the announcement and recite the Precepts. The reciter sits on a high seat; the listeners sit on lower seats. Each one drapes the seven-panel robe over the shoulder and sits in order. If there is no obstruction, the entire Prātimokṣa text should be recited in full. If obstruction arises from some matter, then stop wherever one has reached, and say, "The Sangha has heard the rest." Sometimes, when matters are urgent and there is no time to recite, one should rise from the seat. Sometimes there are powerful persons who wish to come and hear the Precepts; then one may recite one day earlier, or postpone it to the following day. Or if someone arrives in the middle of the Precepts recitation, one should stop and say, "The Sangha has heard the rest." If someone insists that the recitation be completed, one should recite in a scrambled manner, jumbling the phrases and pauses, so that they cannot understand it.
說戒比丘。若有失誤次座比丘當授語。若有事緣不能終誦者。次座比丘當代誦。
If the monk reciting the Precepts makes a mistake, the next monk in seniority should prompt him with the words. If some matter arises and he cannot finish the recitation, the next monk in seniority should recite in his place.
若誦戒日。比丘俱無能誦者。當誦七佛略教偈。如又不能。當誦。諸惡莫作。眾善奉行。自淨其意。是諸佛教。佛制五夏比丘當誦戒。若不誦戒。如法治。若不能者。終身不得離依止。
On the days for reciting the Precepts, if none of the monks is able to recite them, they should recite the brief teaching verses of the Seven Buddhas. If they cannot do that either, they should recite: "Do no evil; practice all good; purify one's own mind—this is the teaching of the buddhas." The Buddha laid down the rule that monks of five rains' standing should recite the Precepts. If one does not recite the Precepts, one should be dealt with according to the Dharma. If one is unable to do so, one may never in one's whole life leave one's reliance on a teacher.
若一比丘住者。當說戒日。應詣說戒堂。洒掃令淨．敷坐具．淨水瓶．然燈火．具舍羅。若有客比丘來。若四．若過四。應先白己。然後說戒。各各相向。說。今僧十五日說戒。我(某甲)清淨。如是三說。若一人應心念口言。如是三說。若三人不得受第四人說欲清淨。若二人不得受第三人說欲清淨。若一人不得受第二人說欲清淨。皆當各各自說。
If one monk is present, on the day of reciting the Precepts he should go to the Precepts hall, sweep and clean it, spread the seats, set out pure water bottles, light the lamps and fire, and prepare the tally sticks. If visiting monks come—four, or more than four—he should first announce himself, and only then recite the Precepts. Facing one another, each says: "Today, on the fifteenth day, the Sangha recites the Precepts. I, (so-and-so), am pure." Recite this three times. If there is one person, he should say it mentally and verbally, reciting three times in this way. If there are three people, they may not receive a fourth person's declaration of intent and purity. If there are two people, they may not receive a third person's declaration of intent and purity. If there is one person, he may not receive a second person's declaration of intent and purity. Each must declare it for himself.
說戒日。有客比丘來。客比丘少。應從舊比丘求和合同說戒。若客比丘來與舊比丘等。亦應從舊比丘求和合同說戒。若舊比丘少。客比丘多。應從客比丘求和合同說戒。
On the day of reciting the Precepts, if visiting monks arrive and the visiting monks are fewer in number, they should seek agreement with the resident monks and recite the Precepts together. If the visiting monks who arrive are equal in number to the resident monks, they too should seek agreement with the resident monks and recite the Precepts together. If the resident monks are fewer and the visiting monks are more, they should seek agreement with the visiting monks and recite the Precepts together.
若說戒日。舊住比丘集說戒經序。有客比丘來少。當告清淨。次第坐聽。若已說竟。眾盡散。亦當告清淨。不告者。如法治。若客比丘來。等舊比丘。或多舊比丘。應更與說戒。不說者。如法治。若舊比丘說戒。舊比丘來。或少．或等．或多。亦如前。若客比丘說戒。舊住比丘來。或少．或等．或多。亦如前。
On the day for reciting the Precepts, the resident monks assemble to recite the introductory text of the Precepts Sutra. If a few guest monks arrive, they should be told to declare their purity, and they take their seats in order and listen. If the recitation has already finished and the assembly has all dispersed, they should still be told to declare their purity. If they are not told, they are dealt with according to the rule. If guest monks arrive in number equal to the resident monks, or greater than the resident monks, the Precepts should be recited again for them. If it is not recited, they are dealt with according to the rule. If resident monks are reciting the Precepts and resident monks arrive—whether few, equal, or many—the same applies as above. If guest monks are reciting the Precepts and resident monks arrive—whether few, equal, or many—the same applies as above.
菩薩比丘別作布薩。未受菩薩戒者不許聽。犯戒未清淨者。亦不許聽。半月半月向諸佛菩薩像前。誦十重四十八輕戒。若一人即一人誦。若二．若三．乃至百千。亦一人誦。誦者高座。聽者下座。各各披九條．七條．五條袈裟。依次而坐。若有犯者。出眾自首其罪。犯十重者。應與懺悔。晝夜六時。誦十重四十八輕戒．苦到禮三世諸佛。得見好相。或光．或花。罪便消滅。犯輕垢者。對首發露懺悔。罪便得滅。
Bodhisattva monks hold a separate recitation of the precepts (poshadha). Those who have not received the bodhisattva precepts are not permitted to listen. Those who have broken the precepts and are not yet purified are also not permitted to listen. Every half month, before the images of the buddhas and bodhisattvas, they recite the ten major and forty-eight minor precepts. If there is one person, that one person recites; if there are two, three, or even a hundred or a thousand, still one person recites. The reciter sits on a high seat; the listeners sit on lower seats. Each one wears a kashaya of nine strips, seven strips, or five strips, and they sit in order. If anyone has committed an offense, they come forward before the assembly and confess it. For one who has broken the ten major precepts, repentance should be administered: day and night, in the six periods, they recite the ten major and forty-eight minor precepts, and with earnest effort bow in reverence to the buddhas of the three times, until a good sign appears—whether light or flowers—and the offense is then erased. For one who has committed a minor defilement, they reveal and confess it face to face with another, and the offense is thereby erased.
菩薩比丘亦當聽說比丘戒。不聽者。得越法罪。以攝律儀戒無所不該。又佛制僧中軌則。並依聲聞法建立。既已共住。便當共聽。但中有開遮不同．輕重各異者。則由其行願之有別也。
Bodhisattva monks should also listen when the monks' Precepts are taught. Those who do not listen incur the offense of transgression. This is because the Precepts of restraint and discipline leave nothing outside their scope. Moreover, the rules of conduct the Buddha established for the monastic community were all founded upon the śrāvaka Dharma. Since one already lives together in the community, one should accordingly listen together. The only differences are where things are permitted or prohibited and where matters are light or heavy—and these vary according to the distinct practices and Vows of each.