---
title: "佛說造像量度經解 · 四護法像"
description: "佛說造像量度經解由清代蒙古學者工布查布譯解，成書於乾隆年間。該書依據藏文佛經系統闡述佛教造像的標準量度與儀軌，涵蓋佛像比例、姿態、手印及飾物等細節，旨在確保造像如法莊嚴。作為漢傳佛教重要藝術典籍，它為佛像塑造提供了權威依據，深刻影響了明清以來佛教藝術的規範化發展，兼具宗教神聖性與藝術指導價值。"
url: "https://rushiwowen.co/en/r/cmcx2jv8t008ujp0498t62ngq"
---
### 四、護法像
> Chapter 4: Images of Dharma Protectors
一切護法神，總歸於男女二宗。男宗以大黑神為首，女宗以福女天為首亦名功德天女，此乃據無上教而言也。若依通教，則屬於主守國土神，一天下有八大守土神。印土西番番僧諸剎，莫不以斯二尊為先。其造像之尺寸，則既明於前章矣前說護法大怒相者，即此類也。二位並青色，黑神右手執鉤刀、左手摯顱器，福女右手揮劍、左手同上。亦有黑神作官扮者。其餘則西域約稱曰道八十八神八大天、八大龍、八大曜、二十八宿、四大天王、九大怖畏、十五鎮方天、八大守土神，東土通尊護法二十諸天。其內雖有互見如世間三尊及帝釋，已入八大天中，復入鎮方神之類，然亦因現各異，不得認為重複也神通妙用，分而百千、合而為一、統攝既殊、因見自別、未可執一而論也。今取像傳所載數尊，并遵中土風俗，參考而述之，以便於後世興福家云內中大底中土罕見者，各位名下俱註其相。○其應入九搩格局者，大梵天鎮上方神、大自在天鎮東北方、那囉延天亦算鎮方神，青色，微怒相，顰目睜目而不張口也，善扮右手擎執金輪、左手觸胯執寶杖。以上謂之世間三尊；欲自在天即魔王天，賢劫千佛之弟，琢磨千兄速成道者。紅色善相，左手執弓、右手執箭作武扮、帝釋天主鎮東方神。以上乃八天中五位也；多聞天王、持國天王、辯才天女、功得天女、韋駝天童、堅固地神、菩提樹神、鬼子母天、摩利支天、日宮天子、月宮天女、水天鎮西方神，白色善相，兩手持蛇索；娑竭囉龍王、風天鎮西北方神，綠色善相，手執風旗。○其應入八搩格局者，增長天王、廣目天王、金剛密迹、散脂大將、火天鎮東南方神，紅色善相，頭髮連鬢，鬍鬚俱赤黃，具寶冠耳環手釧，著縵衣，右手持念珠、左手持澡瓶、閻摩囉王、囉剎鬼王鎮西南方神，青色惡相，右手執利刀、左手持賊人首級、阿脩囉王亦算鎮方神，黑綠色，武扮，右手執利劍、左手執圓盾；持瞢財王鎮北方神，黃色善相，武扮而載寶冠，右手執寶杖、左手持財囊活鼠狼口吐珍寶者、金翅鳥王人面，鳥嘴、牛角，腰以上人身、以下鳥體，頭面青色，𩓐頸至胸紅色，而兩手合掌於胸前。肚腹白色，腰以下黃色，翅尾綠藍交雜。兩角間嚴以侔尼寶珠，及具耳環項圈、瓔珞臂釧，雙翅展而欲舉之狀。六搩制，吉祥王菩薩即邪引天也，乃八大天之一，又算鎮方神數，又為八大守土神之一。白色善相，象頭而左牙拆，右手執鉞、左手拏帶葉蘿蔔，身量尺寸見於下以此三十六尊，可為兼舉一切護法總要，而八部鬼神無一不被總統也八部鬼神者，一天、二龍、三夜剎、四香陰、五非天、六大鵬、七疑神、八腹行。復有言八部鬼眾者，一香陰、二噉精、三甄卵、四餓鬼、五諸龍、六臭鬼、七夜剎、八囉剎。此乃世間鬼神之總略也。六搩制者，竪橫平等，以六搩為度，一名侏儒量，即諸矮身像度也。今惟錄吉祥王菩薩一尊，竪橫各六搩，指分得七十二。其分法，則面輪一搩象鼻不在分內，以下至心窩、肚臍、陰藏、各十指、而以搩分得二搩有半。足之股脛各一搩、膝蓋、足踵各三指，湊成半搩。通計共為六搩，指分七十二指，此縱分之量度也。廣分，胸膛橫一搩，兩手頭各一搩，兩臂各十指，兩臑各八指，合成三搩，通計亦是六搩七十二指，而為廣分之量度也凡此格局分法，諸家互有不同，且多訛傳。今細加校勘，悉正其誤。
> All Dharma-protecting deities fall into two groups: male and female. The male group is led by Mahakala, and the female group is led by the Goddess of Fortune.She is also called Goddess of Merit. This is according to the supreme teachings. According to the common teachings, she belongs to the guardians of the land—under each heaven there are eight great guardians of the land. In the monasteries of India, Tibet, and the Tibetan monks, none fail to place these two venerable ones first. The dimensions for their statues have already been explained in the previous chapter.What was previously described as the wrathful form of the Dharma protector refers to this type. Both are blue-green in color. The Black Deity holds a hooked knife in the right hand and a skull cup in the left. The Goddess of Fortune brandishes a sword in the right hand and holds the same in the left. There is also a form of the Black Deity dressed as an official. As for the rest, the Western Regions generally speak of eighty-eight deities of the path,The eight great heavens, the eight great dragons, the eight great luminaries, the twenty-eight constellations, the four great heavenly kings, the nine great fearsome ones, the fifteen direction-guarding deities, and the eight great land-guarding deities. while the Eastern Land universally venerates the twenty Dharma-protecting heavenly deities. Although there is some overlap among them,For example, the three venerable ones of the world and Indra are already included among the eight great heavens and also appear among the direction-guarding deities and the like. since their manifestations are each different, they should not be considered duplicates.Their spiritual powers and wondrous functions divide into hundreds and thousands, and unite as one. Since their governance differs, their manifestations naturally differ. One cannot hold to a single view in discussing them. Now, drawing upon several venerable ones recorded in the iconographic traditions, and following the customs of the Central Land, I will describe them with reference to one another, for the benefit of future generations who wish to create merit.Among these, for those rarely seen in the Central Land, their appearance is noted beneath each name. Those that should be placed in the nine-span format are: Great Brahma,Guardian deity of the upper direction. Great Ishvara,Guardian of the northeast. and Narayana,Also counted among the direction-guarding deities. Blue-green, slightly wrathful expression, frowning with eyes open but mouth not open. Peaceful form. Right hand holds up a golden wheel, left hand touches the hip holding a jeweled staff. The above are called the three venerable ones of the world. Kamadeva,Also known as Mara King Deva, younger brother of the thousand Buddhas of the auspicious kalpa, who urged his thousand elder brothers to quickly attain enlightenment. Red, peaceful form. Left hand holds a bow, right hand holds an arrow, in warrior dress. Indra,Guardian deity of the east. The above are five of the eight heavens. Vaishravana, Dhritarashtra, Goddess Sarasvati, Goddess of Merit, Skanda, Prithvi the Earth Goddess, the Bodhi Tree Goddess, Hariti, Marici, the Sun Prince, the Moon Goddess, and Varuna.Guardian deity of the west. White, peaceful form, holding a snake lasso in both hands. Sagara the Dragon King, and Vayu.Guardian deity of the northwest. Green, peaceful form, holding a wind banner. Those that should be placed in the eight-span format are: Virudhaka, Virupaksha, Vajrapani, Samjneya the Great General, Agni,Guardian deity of the southeast. Red, peaceful form. Hair joins with sideburns; beard and mustache all reddish-yellow. Wearing a jeweled crown, earrings, and arm bracelets, dressed in layered robes. Right hand holds prayer beads, left hand holds a bathing vase. Yama,Guardian deity of the southwest. Blue-green, wrathful form. Right hand holds a sharp sword, left hand holds the severed head of a thief. King of the Asuras,Also counted among the direction-guarding deities. Dark green, warrior dress. Right hand holds a sharp sword, left hand holds a round shield. and Jambhala.Guardian deity of the north. Yellow, peaceful form, in warrior dress wearing a jeweled crown. Right hand holds a jeweled staff, left hand holds a wealth bag from which a mongoose spits forth precious treasures. The Garuda King.Human face, bird beak, ox horns. Above the waist a human body, below the waist a bird's body. Head and face blue-green, from neck to chest red, both hands pressed together in prayer at the chest. Belly white, below the waist yellow, wings and tail a mix of green and blue. Between the two horns adorned with a wish-fulfilling jewel, and wearing earrings, necklaces, and arm bracelets. Both wings spread as if about to take flight. In the six-span format: Bodhisattva King Shrivatsa.Also known as the Deity of Misleading, one of the eight great heavens, also counted among the direction-guarding deities, and also one of the eight great land-guarding deities. White, peaceful form. Elephant head with the left tusk broken. Right hand holds a battle-axe, left hand holds a leafy radish. His measurements are given below. These thirty-six venerable ones may serve as a comprehensive summary of all Dharma protectors, and none of the eight classes of ghosts and spirits are left outside their governance.The eight classes of ghosts and spirits are: first, devas; second, nagas; third, yakshas; fourth, gandharvas; fifth, asuras; sixth, garudas; seventh, kinnaras; eighth, mahoragas. There is also a list of eight classes of ghosts: first, gandharvas; second, spirits that consume essence; third, spirits born from eggs; fourth, hungry ghosts; fifth, nagas; sixth, foul-smelling ghosts; seventh, yakshas; eighth, rakshasas. This is a general summary of worldly ghosts and spirits. The six-span format is equal in height and width, measured at six spans. It is also called the dwarf measurement, meaning the proportions for short-statured figures. Here I record only the Bodhisattva King Shrivatsa, whose height and width are each six spans, or seventy-two finger-widths. The division is as follows: the face is one span,The elephant trunk is not included in this measurement. from there down to the heart, the navel, and the genitals are each ten finger-widths, making two and a half spans by span measurement. The thighs and shins of the legs are each one span; the knees and heels are each three finger-widths, together making half a span. In total this comes to six spans, or seventy-two finger-widths. This is the measurement of the vertical division. For the horizontal division: the chest is one span across; the two hands are each one span; the two arms are each ten finger-widths; the two upper arms are each eight finger-widths, together making three spans. In total this is also six spans and seventy-two finger-widths. This is the measurement of the horizontal division.In all these proportions and divisions, the various traditions differ from one another, and many errors have been transmitted. I have now carefully collated and corrected all errors.