證淨品第三之一
Chapter on Faith and Purity, Part 3-1
一時薄伽梵在室羅筏，住逝多林給孤獨園。爾時世尊告苾芻眾：「若諸有情，於汝言教信心聽受、能奉行者，汝當哀愍方便勸勵，安立令住四證淨中。何等為四？謂佛證淨、法證淨、僧證淨、聖所愛戒。所以者何？諸有地界水火風界，是四大種容可改易。若有成就此四證淨諸聖弟子，必無改易。由此多聞諸聖弟子成就如是四證淨故，若墮地獄、傍生、鬼界，無有是處。是故若有於汝言教信心聽受能奉行者，汝當哀愍方便勸勵安立，令住四證淨中。」
云何佛證淨？如世尊言：此聖弟子，以如是相隨念諸佛，謂此世尊是如來、阿羅漢、正等覺、明行圓滿、善逝、世間解、無上丈夫、調御士、天人師、佛、薄伽梵。所言此者，謂此欲界、或此世界、此贍部洲。又言此者，謂即此身，持等持、軀等軀、聚得自體。又言此者，謂此處生佛及弟子、諸仙牟尼、諸聰叡者、善調伏者、善調順者。又言此者，謂即於此教授教誡善說法中，是故言此。言聖弟子者，聖謂佛法僧，歸依佛法僧故名聖弟子。以如是相隨念佛者，謂以此相、此門、此理，於諸佛所起念隨念、專念憶念，不忘不失、不遺不漏、不失法性、心明記性，是故名為以如是相隨念諸佛。所言謂者，謂如是相、如是狀、如是種、如是類，是故言謂。所言此者，謂如是戒、如是法、如是慧、如是通、如是解脫、如是多住，是故言此。言世尊者，如後當釋。言如來者，如世尊言：從菩薩證無上正等菩提夜，乃至佛無餘依般涅槃界夜，於其中間諸有所說、宣暢敷演，一切皆如，無有虛妄、無有變異、諦實如理無有顛倒，皆以如是如實正慧見已而說，故名如來。阿羅漢者，略有二種阿羅漢性：一者有為；二者無為。云何有為阿羅漢性？謂彼果得及彼得得，無學根力、無學尸羅、無學善根、十無學法及彼種類諸無學法，是名有為阿羅漢性。云何無為阿羅漢性？謂貪瞋癡一切煩惱皆悉永斷，超一切趣、斷一切道，三火永靜、焦渴永息、憍逸永離、窟宅永破，度四瀑流，無上究竟、無上寂靜、無上愛盡、離滅涅槃，是名無為阿羅漢性。如來具足圓滿成就如是所說有為無為阿羅漢性，故名阿羅漢。又貪瞋癡及餘煩惱皆悉應斷，如來於彼永斷遍知，如多羅樹永斷根頂無復遺餘，皆得當來永不生法，故名阿羅漢。又身語意三種惡行皆應永斷，如來於彼永斷遍知乃至廣說，故名阿羅漢。又過去佛皆已遠離惡不善法，所有雜染、後有熾然、苦異熟果皆得當來永不生法；今佛亦爾，故名阿羅漢。又佛世尊成就最勝吉祥功德，應受上妙衣服飲食諸坐臥具醫藥資緣種種供養，故名阿羅漢。如有頌言：
What is the pure confidence in the Buddha? As the World-Honored One has said: A noble disciple recollects the Buddhas with this characteristic, thinking: "This World-Honored One is an Arhat, a Fully Enlightened One, perfect in knowledge and conduct, well-gone, knower of worlds, unsurpassed trainer of persons to be tamed, teacher of gods and humans, the Buddha, the Blessed One."
Here, "this" refers to this realm of desire, this world, this continent of Jambudvīpa. It also refers to this very body, sustained by mindfulness, configured by the body's formation, an aggregate of acquired selfhood. It indicates that here and now, Buddhas, disciples, sages, seers, the wise, the well-tamed, the well-trained have arisen. And it refers to this place where one teaches and instructs in the good Dharma. Thus it is called "this."
"Noble disciple": "Noble" refers to the Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha. Having taken refuge in the Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha, one is called a noble disciple.
"Recollects the Buddhas with this characteristic" means: focusing on the Buddhas through such an aspect, such a method, such a principle, one generates mindfulness, sustained mindfulness, close mindfulness, recollection—never forgetting, never losing, never missing, never neglecting, never abandoning the nature of reality, clearly remembering it in the mind. Therefore it is called "recollecting the Buddhas with this characteristic."
"What is" means: such an aspect, such a form, such a type, such a category; hence the phrase "what is."
"This" means: such ethics, such teachings, such wisdom, such super-knowledge, such liberation, such abiding—hence the word "this."
"World-Honored One": This will be explained later.
"Arhat": Here the Blessed One said: On the night of a bodhisattva's attainment of supreme enlightenment, up to the night of his final nirvana without remainder, whatever he says, explains, elaborates—all is in accord with reality, without falsehood, without change, truly as it is, without distortion. Having seen it with such true and right wisdom, he speaks—thus he is called "Arhat."
There are two kinds of arhat-hood: conditioned and unconditioned.
What is conditioned arhat-hood? That is, the obtaining of the fruit, the attainment of that obtainment, the faculties and powers of one beyond training, the ethical discipline of one beyond training, the wholesome roots of one beyond training, the ten states of one beyond training, and the categories of those states. This is called conditioned arhat-hood.
What is unconditioned arhat-hood? It is the complete and eternal cutting off of all defilements—greed, hatred, and delusion—surpassing all realms of existence, cutting off all paths, calming the three fires forever, extinguishing all thirst forever, leaving pride forever, breaking the abode forever, crossing the four floods, reaching the unsurpassed ultimate, the unsurpassed peace, the unsurpassed end of craving, the state of detachment and nirvana. This is called unconditioned arhat-hood.
Because the Tathāgata is fully endowed with and perfectly accomplishes both the conditioned and unconditioned arhat qualities described here, he is called an Arhat.
Furthermore, greed, hatred, delusion, and all other defilements should be completely abandoned. The Tathāgata has cut them off and fully understood them, like a palm tree whose roots and top are cut off, leaving no trace, ensuring no future arising—hence he is called an Arhat.
Also, the three kinds of evil actions—of body, speech, and mind—should be forever abandoned. The Tathāgata has cut them off and fully understood them, as already explained—hence he is called an Arhat.
Moreover, all past Buddhas have already abandoned unwholesome and evil states, all defilements, future existence, burning distress, and the ripening of suffering, ensuring they will never arise again. The present Buddha does the same—hence he is called an Arhat.
Furthermore, the Buddha, the World-Honored One, has attained the most auspicious and excellent qualities of merit. He is worthy of receiving the finest robes, almsfood, beds and seats, medicines, and other requisites, as well as various offerings—hence he is called an Arhat. As a verse says:
「世所應受用， 種種上妙物，
如來皆應受， 故名阿羅漢。」
正等覺者，如世尊言：諸所有法、一切正性，如來一切知見解了正等覺，故名正等覺。又等法者，謂四念住、四正勝、四神足、五根、五力、七等覺支、八聖道支，如來一切知見解了正等覺，故名正等覺。又於一切苦集滅道，能現觀道，能證預流果、一來果、不還果、阿羅漢果道，能證神境智作證通、天耳智作證通、他心智作證通、宿住隨念智作證通、死生智作證通、漏盡智作證通道，能盡貪瞋癡慢憍垢道，如來一切皆正等覺，至誠堅住慇重作意，以因、以門、以理、以相正等覺故，名正等覺。明行圓滿者，何等為明？謂佛所有無學三明：一者無學宿住隨念智作證明；二者無學死生智作證明；三者無學漏盡智作證明，是謂為明。何等為行？謂佛所有無學身律儀、語律儀、命清淨，是謂為行。又佛所有上妙威儀，往來顧視、屈申俯仰、服僧伽胝、執持衣鉢，悉皆嚴整，是謂為行。此行前明，總謂明行。如來具足圓滿成就如是明行，一向鮮白、一向微妙、一向無罪，是故名為明行圓滿。言善逝者，謂佛成就極樂安隱無艱無難往趣妙法，故名善逝。又貪瞋癡及餘煩惱所生種種難往趣法，如來於彼永斷遍知，如多羅樹永斷根頂無復遺餘，皆得當來永不生法，故名善逝。又如過去諸佛世尊，皆乘如實無虛妄道，趣出世間殊勝功德，一至永至無復退還；今佛亦然，故名善逝。世間解者，謂五取蘊名為世間，如來於彼知見解了正等覺，故名世間解。又說五趣名為世間，如來於彼知見解了正等覺，故名世間解。又說六處名為世間，如來於彼知見解了正等覺，故名世間解。又說三界所攝諸處名為世間，從彼而生、從彼而起、從彼而出，因彼而生、因彼而起、因彼而出，如來於彼知見解了正等覺，故名世間解。無上丈夫者，如世尊言：所有有情，無足、二足、四足、多足，有色無色、有想無想非想非非想，如來於中最稱第一、最勝最尊、最上無上，由此故說無上丈夫。調御士者，謂佛世尊略以三種巧調御事，調御一切所化有情：一、於一類一向柔軟；二、於一類一向麁獷；三、於一類柔軟麁獷。云何如來於彼一類一向柔軟？謂為彼說此身妙行、此身妙行所感異熟，此語妙行、此語妙行所感異熟，此意妙行、此意妙行所感異熟，此天、此人，此善趣、此樂世、此涅槃，是名如來於彼一類一向柔軟。云何如來於彼一類一向麁獷？謂為彼說此身惡行、此身惡行所感異熟，此語惡行、此語惡行所感異熟，此意惡行、此意惡行所感異熟，此地獄、此傍生、此鬼界，此險難、此惡趣、此墮落，是名如來於彼一類一向麁獷。云何如來於彼一類柔軟麁獷？謂於時時為說身妙行、語妙行、意妙行；或於時時為說身妙行、語妙行、意妙行所感異熟；或於時時為說身惡行、語惡行、意惡行；或於時時為說身惡行、語惡行、意惡行所感異熟；或於時時為說天人，善趣、樂世、涅槃；或於時時為說地獄、傍生、鬼界，險難、惡趣、墮落。是名如來於彼一類柔軟麁獷。如來於彼，以此三種巧調御事，如是調伏、如是止息、如是寂靜、如是令其無餘永捨貪瞋癡等一切煩惱，如是令其無餘永盡貪瞋癡等一切煩惱，令永調伏、令永止息、令永寂靜，得上調御、得勝調御、得勝清涼，永除曲穢，善滅慢覆及諂垢濁，是故如來名調御士。天人師者，如世尊告阿難陀言：我非但與苾芻、苾芻尼、鄔波索迦、鄔波斯迦四眾為師，然我亦與諸天魔梵、沙門婆羅門等諸天人眾為師、為勝師、為隨師，為範、為勝範、為隨範，為將為導，是故如來名天人師。所言佛者，謂於如來無學智見明鑒覺慧照現觀等已能具起及得成就，故名為佛。且如有一大婆羅門來詣佛所，以妙伽他讚問佛曰：
「稽首世導師， 名最上覺者，
何緣父母等， 號尊名佛陀？」
世尊哀愍彼婆羅門，亦以伽他而告彼曰：
「婆羅門當知， 我如去來佛，
成就覺者相， 故我名佛陀。
婆羅門當知， 我觀三世行，
皆有生滅法， 故我名佛陀。
婆羅門當知， 我於應知斷，
證脩事已辦， 故我名佛陀。
婆羅門當知， 我於一切境，
具一切智見， 故我名佛陀。
婆羅門當知， 我於無量劫，
脩諸純淨行， 經無量死生，
今於最後身， 離塵垢毒箭，
證得無上覺， 故我名佛陀。」
薄伽梵者，謂有善法名薄伽梵，成就無上諸善法故；或脩善法，名薄伽梵，已脩無上諸善法故。又佛世尊圓滿脩習身戒心慧，成就大悲我無限無量，成無量法，名薄伽梵。又佛世尊具大威德，能往能至、能壞能成、能自在轉，名薄伽梵。又佛世尊，永破一切貪瞋癡等惡不善法、永破雜染後有熾然苦異熟果、永破當來生老病死，名薄伽梵。如有頌言：
「永破貪瞋癡， 惡不善法等，
具勝無漏法， 故名薄伽梵。」
又佛世尊，於未聞法能自通達得最上覺，成現法智、無障礙智，善解當來脩梵行果，為諸弟子分別解說，設大法會普施有情，名薄伽梵。如有頌言：
「如來設法會， 普哀愍無依；
如是天人師， 稽首度有海。」
又佛世尊，為諸弟子隨宜說法，皆令歡喜恭敬信受、如教脩行，名稱普聞遍諸方域無不讚禮，名薄伽梵。若聖弟子以如是相隨念諸佛，見為根本、證智相應，諸信信性、現前信性、隨順印可、愛慕愛慕性、心證心淨，是名佛證淨。若能於此勸勵安立，當知是名方便勸勵安立令住佛證淨中。
云何法證淨？如世尊言：此聖弟子，以如是相隨念正法，謂佛正法善說、現見、無熱、應時、引導、近觀、智者內證。所言此者，謂此欲界、或此世界、此贍部洲。又言此者，謂即此身，持等持、軀等軀、聚得自體。又言此者，謂此處生佛及弟子、諸仙牟尼、諸聰叡者、善調伏者、善調順者。又言此者，謂即於此教授教誡善說法中，是故言此。言聖弟子者，聖謂佛法僧，歸依佛法僧故名聖弟子。以如是相隨念法者，謂以此相、此門、此理，於正法所起念隨念、專念憶念，不忘不失、不遺不漏、不失法性、心明記性，是故名為以如是相隨念正法。言善說者，謂佛所說，苦真是苦、集真是集、滅真是滅、道真是道，故名善說。若佛世尊非苦說苦、非集說集、非滅說滅、非道說道，可非善說；以佛世尊苦說為苦、集說為集、滅說為滅、道說為道，故佛正法名為善說。言現見者，謂正脩習世尊所說苦集滅道現觀道時，於現法中即入苦集滅道現觀，故名現見。若正脩習世尊所說苦集滅道現觀道時，非現法中即入苦集滅道現觀，世尊正法可非現見；以正脩習世尊所說苦集滅道現觀道時，於現法中即入苦集滅道現觀，故佛正法名為現見。又正脩習世尊所說能斷見苦見集見滅見道所斷及脩所斷隨眠道時，於現法中即斷見苦見集見滅見道所斷及脩所斷一切隨眠，故名現見。若正脩習世尊所說能斷見苦見集見滅見道所斷及脩所斷隨眠道時，非現法中即斷見苦見集見滅見道所斷及脩所斷一切隨眠，世尊正法可非現見；以正脩習世尊所說能斷見苦見集見滅見道所斷及脩所斷隨眠道時，於現法中即斷見苦見集見滅見道所斷及脩所斷一切隨眠，故佛正法名為現見。又正脩習世尊所說能證見苦見集見滅見道所斷及脩所斷隨眠滅道時，於現法中即證見苦見集見滅見道所斷及脩所斷諸隨眠滅，故名現見。若正脩習世尊所說能證見苦見集見滅見道所斷及脩所斷隨眠滅道時，非現法中即證見苦見集見滅見道所斷及脩所斷諸隨眠滅，世尊正法可非現見；以正脩習世尊所說能證見苦見集見滅見道所斷及脩所斷隨眠滅道時，即證見苦見集見滅見道所斷及脩所斷諸隨眠滅，故佛正法名為現見。言無熱者，謂八支聖道名為無熱。所以者何？熱謂煩惱。八支聖道中，一切煩惱無得無近得、無有無等有，故佛正法名為無熱。言應時者，謂八支聖道名為應時。所以者何？由正修習世尊所說苦集滅道現觀道時，即入苦集滅道現觀，故名應時。若正脩習世尊所說苦集滅道現觀道，後方入苦集滅道現觀，世尊正法可非應時；以正脩習世尊所說苦集滅道現觀道時，即入苦集滅道現觀，故佛正法名為應時。又正脩習世尊所說能斷見苦見集見滅見道所斷及脩所斷隨眠道時，即斷見苦見集見滅見道所斷及脩所斷一切隨眠，故名應時。若正脩習世尊所說能斷見苦見集見滅見道所斷及脩所說隨眠道，後方斷見苦見集見滅見道所斷及脩所斷一切隨眠，世尊正法可非應時；以正脩習世尊所說能斷見苦見集見滅見道所斷及脩所斷隨眠道時，即斷見苦見集見滅見道所斷及脩所斷一切隨眠，故佛正法名為應時。又正脩習世尊所說能證見苦見集見滅見道所斷及脩所斷隨眠滅道時，即證見苦見集見滅見道所斷及脩所斷諸隨眠滅，故名應時。若正脩習世尊所說能證見苦見集見滅見道所斷及脩所斷隨眠滅道，後方證見苦見集見滅見道所斷及脩所斷諸隨眠滅，世尊正法可非應時；以正脩習世尊所說能證見苦見集見滅見道所斷及脩所斷隨眠滅道時，即證見苦見集見滅見道所斷及脩所斷諸隨眠滅，故佛正法名為應時。言引導者，謂八支聖道名為引導。所以者何？以八支聖道脩習多脩習，能於苦集滅道現觀能引能導、能隨能逐，故佛正法名為引導。言近觀者，謂八支聖道名為近觀。所以者何？以八支聖道脩習多脩習，能於苦集滅道如實知見苦集滅道，故佛正法名為近觀。智者內證者，佛及佛弟子名為智者，世尊所說苦集滅道，智者自內知見、解了、正等覺為苦集滅道，故佛正法名智者內證。若聖弟子，以如是相隨念正法，見為根本、證智相應，諸信信性、現前信性、隨順印可、愛慕愛慕性、心證心淨，是名法證淨。若能於此勸勵安立，當知是名方便勸勵安立令住法證淨中。
云何僧證淨？如世尊言：此聖弟子，以如是相隨念於僧，謂佛弟子，具足妙行、質直行、如理行、法隨法行、和敬行、隨法行。於此僧中，有預流向、有預流果、有一來向、有一來果、有不還向、有不還果、有阿羅漢向、有阿羅漢果，如是總有四雙八隻補特伽羅。佛弟子眾，戒具足、定具足、慧具足、解脫具足、解脫智見具足，應請、應屈、應恭敬、無上福田世所應供。所言此者，謂此欲界、或此世界、此贍部洲。又言此者，謂即此身，持等持、軀等軀、聚得自體。又言此者，謂此處生佛及弟子、諸仙牟尼、諸聰叡者、善調伏者、善調順者。又言此者，謂即於此教授教誡善說法中、是故言此。言聖弟子者、聖謂佛法僧、歸依佛法僧故名聖弟子。以如是相隨念僧者、謂以此相、此門、此理，於諸僧所起念隨念、專念憶念，不忘不失、不遺不漏，不失法性、心明記性，是故名為以如是相隨念於僧。言妙行者，謂世尊說有四種行：一、苦遲通行；二、苦速通行；三、樂遲通行；四、樂速通行。佛弟子眾於此中行，故名妙行。又世尊說有四種行：一、不安隱行；二、安隱行；三、調伏行；四、寂靜行。佛弟子眾唯行後三，故名妙行。質直行者，謂八支聖道名為質直。所以者何？以八支聖道不迂不曲不迴、質直平坦一趣。佛弟子眾於此中行，名質直行。如理行者，謂八支聖道名為如理。佛弟子眾於此中行，名如理行。又世尊說四念住、四正勝、四神足、五根、五力、七等覺支及正定，并資并具，名為如理。如世尊言：此一趣道，令諸有情皆得清淨、超諸愁歎、滅諸憂苦、證如理法，謂聖正定并資并具七聖道支，名聖正定資之與具。何等為七？謂初正見乃至正念。以聖正定？由七道支引導脩治方得成滿，故說名聖正定資具。佛弟子眾於此中行，名如理行。法隨法行者，謂涅槃名法，八支聖道名隨法。佛弟子眾於此中行，名法隨法行。又別解脫名法，別解脫律儀名隨法。佛弟子眾於此中行，名法隨法行。又身律儀、語律儀、命清淨名法，受持此法名隨法。佛弟子眾於此中行，名法隨法行。和敬行者，謂佛弟子眾，一戒、一學、一說、一別解脫，同戒、同學、同說、同別解脫。受具百歲所應學處，初受具者亦於中學；初受具者所應學處，受具百歲亦於中學。如受具百歲所應學法，初受具者亦如是學；如初受具者所應學法，受具百歲亦如是學。佛弟子眾能於此中一戒性、一學性、一說性、一別解脫性、同戒性、同學性、同說性、同別解脫性，名和敬行。又佛弟子眾，互相恭敬、互相推讓，於長宿者起迎合掌、慰問禮拜、表相和敬。佛弟子眾如是而行，名和敬行。隨法行者，謂八支聖道名為隨法。佛弟子眾於中隨順遊歷涉行，名隨法行。
說一切有部法蘊足論卷第二