佛說九橫經
The Buddha Speaks the Nine Hardships Sutra
後漢安息國三藏安世高譯
Translation by An Shigao, Tripitaka Master from Parthia, Later Han Dynasty
佛在舍衛國祇樹給孤獨園。佛便告比丘：「有九輩九因緣，命未盡便橫死：一者、為不應飯為飯，二者、為不量飯，三者、為不習飯飯，四者、為不出生，五者、為止熟，六者、為不持戒，七者、為近惡知識，八者、為入里不時不如法行，九者、為可避不避。如是為九因緣，人命為橫盡。
The Buddha was in the Jeta Grove, in Anāthapiṇḍada’s park near Śrāvastī. The Buddha then told the monks: "There are nine causes and conditions by which people die prematurely, before their natural lifespan ends.
First, eating what should not be eaten. Second, not moderating the amount of food. Third, not being accustomed to one’s food. Fourth, not eliminating waste from the body. Fifth, not letting food digest properly. Sixth, not holding to moral discipline. Seventh, associating with bad friends. Eighth, entering a village at the wrong time or behaving improperly. Ninth, not avoiding what should be avoided.
These are the nine causes by which a person’s life ends prematurely."
「一、不應飯者，名為不可意飯，亦為以飽，腹不停調。
1. Food that should not be eaten: this refers to food that is disagreeable, and also to eating until full, leaving the stomach unsettled and out of balance.
「二、不量飯者，名為不知節度，多飯過足。
**2. Eating without measure** means not knowing moderation; eating too much, beyond what is needed to satisfy hunger.
「三、不習飯者，名為不知時冬夏，為至他國郡，不知俗宜，不能消飯，食未習故。
3. Not being accustomed to food: This means not knowing the appropriate times for winter and summer, and when traveling to other countries or regions, not understanding the local customs, being unable to digest food due to being unaccustomed to it.
「四、不出生者，名為飯物未消，復上飯，不服藥吐下，不時消。
"Fourth, 'not emerging' refers to when previous food has not yet been digested, adding more food on top, without taking medicine to induce vomiting or purging, and the food not being digested in time."
「五、為止熟者，名為大便、小便來時，不即時行，噫、吐、啑、下風來時制。
Five, For the one who is overly familiar, there is the matter of defecation and urination: when they come, one does not act immediately. When burping, vomiting, sneezing, or passing gas arises, one restrains oneself.
「六、不持戒者，名為犯五戒——殺、盜、犯他人婦、兩舌、飲酒——亦有餘戒，以犯便入縣官，或絃死，或捶杖、利刃所斫刺，或辜飢渴而終；或以得脫，從怨家得手死，或驚怖念罪憂死。
**6. Failing to uphold precepts means committing the five basic transgressions—killing, stealing, committing adultery, lying divisively, and drinking alcohol. There are other precepts as well. Breaking them can lead to punishment by authorities, whether by hanging, beating, stabbing, death by thirst or starvation, or even being killed by an enemy. Some may die from fear or the torment of guilt over their wrongdoings.**
「七、為近惡知識者，名為惡知識已作惡，便反坐。何以故坐？不離惡知識故，不覺善惡，不計惡知識惡態，不思惡知識惡。
**7. Associating with harmful companions:** One who draws near to a bad friend is already doing wrong. Why? Because staying close to such a person, you fail to recognize good from evil. You stop noticing your friend's harmful qualities, and you stop reflecting on the damage being done.
「八、為入里不時者，名為冥行，亦里有諍時行，亦里有縣官長吏追捕不避，不如法行者，入里妄入他家舍中，妄見不可見，妄聽不可聽，妄犯不可犯，妄說不可說，妄憂不可憂，妄索不可索。
8. Those who enter a village at improper times are said to walk in darkness. There may also be times when there are disputes in the village, or when officials are pursuing and arresting people. Anyone who does not act according to proper conduct—who enters a village and carelessly enters someone else's home, sees what should not be seen, hears what should not be heard, transgresses what should not be transgressed, says what should not be said, worries about what should not be worried about, and seeks what should not be sought—is acting wrongly.
「九、為可避不避者，名為當避弊象、弊馬、牛犇、車、蛇虺、坑井、水火、拔刀醉人、惡人，亦餘若干惡。如是為九因緣輩人命未盡當坐是盡，慧人當識當避是因緣，以避乃得兩福：一者、得長壽；二者、以長壽乃得聞道，好語言亦能行。」
Nine: As for what should be avoided and is not avoided—these are the dangers one should steer clear of: a rogue elephant, a rogue horse, a charging bull, a carriage, a snake, a pit, a well, fire, water, a person drawing a knife, a drunk person, and evil people, along with various other threats. These are nine causes by which a person's life, though it has not reached its natural end, may be cut short. A wise person should recognize these causes and avoid them. By doing so, one gains two benefits: first, a long life; second, with a long life, one can hear the Way (the Dharma), good words, and also put them into practice.
諸比丘歡喜受行。
The monks joyfully received these teachings and put them into practice.
佛說九橫經
The Buddha Speaks on the Nine Unforeseen Circumstances