△十二鉢事
12. Matters Concerning the Bowl
鉢事品第十二
Chapter 12: The Matter of the Bowl
釋。梵語鉢多羅。此云應量器。體色量三。皆應法故。體者。泥及鐵也。色者。熏作黑赤色。或孔雀咽色。鳩鴿色也。量者。南山云。準唐斗上鉢一斗。下鉢五升。中則可知。原佛制意。世人活命不離四邪。若欲斷除邪妄。及乞食授受不親。須一鉢以支命。律云。比丘持木鉢。佛言不應持。如是鉢。此是外道法。事者。即持失等諸云為事也。
Explanation: The Sanskrit word *pātra* is here called “the vessel of proper measure.” Its substance, color, and measure all accord with the Dharma. “Substance” means clay or iron. “Color” means the black or red color produced by firing, or the color of a peacock’s throat, or the color of a dove or pigeon. “Measure”: Nanshan says that according to the Tang peck, the largest bowl holds one peck, the smallest bowl holds five sheng, and the middle one may be known accordingly. The original intention of the Buddha’s regulation was this: people in the world cannot sustain life apart from the four wrong means of livelihood. If one wishes to cut off wrong and false ways, and since begging for food involves giving and receiving without personal contact, one must have a single bowl to sustain life. The Vinaya says: a monk held a wooden bowl. The Buddha said, “You should not hold such a bowl; this is the practice of outsider teachers.” “Matters” refers to handling and loss and all such things done as matters.
問。鉢云何失。答。若緣缺。若穿穴。若裂。若油不捨盡是失。緣缺穿穴不可復持。裂者綴己施人。人還更受。油不捨亦爾。若棄出界經宿不失。
Q: How is a bowl lost? A: If its rim is damaged, if it is pierced with a hole, if it is cracked, or if the oil coating is not wiped away—all of these count as lost. If the rim is damaged or it is pierced with a hole, it can no longer be used. If it is cracked, it may be patched and given to someone else, and if that person returns it, it may be received back again. The same applies to the oil coating not being wiped away. If it is discarded outside the boundary and a night passes, it is still not lost.
釋。謂比丘之鉢。乃常用之器。云何為失受持耶。佛答。若鉢四緣有缺。若鉢底有穿孔穴。若鉢有裂縫。若鉢盛油不捨者。盡皆失受持也。唯緣缺穿穴不可復持。若裂者綴己施人。文云。大德一心念。此是我某比丘鉢裂。捨與大德。為展轉淨故。一說。彼受者言。長老一心念。汝有是鉢裂。為綴故施與我。我今受之。汝施與誰。曰某甲。彼云。長老一心念。汝有是鉢裂。為綴故施與我。我已受之。汝與某甲。是鉢某甲已有。汝為某甲故。善護持之隨因緣。人還更受持。油不捨亦爾者。因緣缺等爾。此影捨者。同裂綴等爾。若棄鉢出界。經宿不失受持。但犯離宿過也。又罷道死。轉根不捨穿。亦名失受持。若穿如粟米大。以鐵屑補得受持。
A monk's bowl is an everyday utensil—how does one "lose the upholding" of it? The Buddha answers: if a bowl is deficient in any of the four conditions, if its bottom has a hole pierced through, if it has cracks, or if oil is left standing in it without being removed, then in all these cases the upholding is lost. Only in the case of deficiency or a pierced hole can it no longer be used. If it is cracked, it may be patched and then given away. The text says: "Venerable one, please attend single-mindedly. This is the bowl of myself, the monk so-and-so, which is cracked. I relinquish it to the Venerable one, that it may be purified by passing it along." This is said once. The receiver says: "Elder, please attend single-mindedly. You have this cracked bowl; for the sake of patching it you give it to me. I now receive it. To whom do you give it?" He replies: "To so-and-so." The other says: "Elder, please attend single-mindedly. You have this cracked bowl; for the sake of patching it you give it to me. I have received it. You give it to so-and-so. This bowl now belongs to so-and-so. For so-and-so's sake, guard and maintain it well." According to circumstances, the person later receives and upholds it again. The case of oil not being removed is the same—as with deficiency and the other conditions. This implicit relinquishment is the same as with cracks and patching. If the bowl is discarded beyond the boundary, the upholding is not lost by staying overnight; one only commits the fault of remaining overnight apart from it. Further, leaving the order, dying, or a change of sex—without relinquishing a pierced bowl—also counts as losing the upholding. If the hole is the size of a grain of millet, it can be repaired with iron filings and the upholding retained.
問。鉢得合覆著壁上否。答。若巾裹得合淨處著。若囊或懸壁好。不得覆著壁上。昔六群比丘。覆鉢壁上。墮地即破。佛因此制戒。自今已後。不得覆鉢壁上。覆鉢壁上者。犯捨墮。地者。犯捨墮。
Question: May an alms bowl be placed upside down against a wall?
Answer: If it is wrapped in a cloth, it may be placed upside down in a clean place. If it is in a bag, or hung on a wall, that is fine. It must not be placed upside down against a wall. In the past, the six-group monks placed their bowls upside down against a wall; the bowls fell to the ground and broke. Because of this, the Buddha established a Precept: from now on, no one may place an alms bowl upside down against a wall. To place an alms bowl upside down against a wall is to commit a Forfeiture Offense. To let it fall to the ground is to commit a Forfeiture Offense.
釋。謂比丘用鉢食已。護持鉢時。為當巾裹囊懸。合於淨處。可得合覆著壁上否。佛答。若護持鉢。以巾裹得合著淨處。若囊盛或懸於壁好。唯不得合覆鉢於壁上。昔六群下。佛引覆鉢之事結戒犯捨墮。置地者。亦捨墮。
Explaining: when a monk has finished eating from his bowl, how should he protect and maintain the bowl? Should it be wrapped in a cloth, put in a bag, hung up, or placed together in a clean place? May it be placed face-down against the wall? The Buddha answered: to protect and maintain the bowl, it may be wrapped in a cloth and placed together in a clean place; if it is put in a bag, or hung on the wall, that is fine. The only thing not allowed is placing the bowl face-down against the wall. Next, regarding the six-group monks: the Buddha cited the matter of covering the bowl to establish the precept, and committing the offense of Expiation by Forfeiture. Placing it on the ground is also an offense of Expiation by Forfeiture.
問。比丘早起得用鉢食。不用有何咎也。答。一切食皆應用鉢。若一日都不用犯墮。
釋。謂比丘之鉢。既為助道要緣。除邪正務。為是中食定制。為當次制早起之粥。可得用鉢受食。若早不用。有何咎也。佛答。以比丘學道之行。無論早中。若大食。小食。正食。不正食。至一切食啖。皆應用鉢。以異俗治習。順道興悲故。若一日都不用犯墮。以違受鉢時。自云常用受食之妄語故。意含早中二時。或緣事有妨。併為遮異邪之非。一時不用無犯。故宣師威儀云。設二時中。非故意不用者。聽淨水浴鉢也。
問。比丘食飯欲盡。得側鉢括取飯否。答。得。
釋。比丘食飯欲盡。有餘飯時。為是正捧括取。可得側鉢括取飯否。佛答。得者。以飯盡遺餘。知慚愧故。若以指略舌䑛。非儀不得。
問。食後已訖。更噉餘菓。手得離鉢否。答。得。若食未訖。亦得暫離。
釋。謂比丘既一切食皆用鉢者。若食後澡潄已訖。更噉餘菓。手可得離鉢食否。佛答得者。以五嚼食。手得離鉢。若設受五噉。未潄訖時。亦得暫離。非都不用故。
問。比丘食鉢。要當擎。得放地否。答。要當擎。故地。亦不犯戒。
釋。謂比丘受食。敷坐展巾。左手捧鉢。右手扶緣。五觀三匙。如法威儀。若用食之鉢。必要當擎。異於世人。可得放地否。佛答。以受食威儀。須要當擎。若放地少歇。亦不犯戒也。
問。比丘以器盛飯。停著鉢中。得互用鉢食否。答。不得。犯捨墮。
釋。器者。梵語犍茲。此云隨鉢器。言隨助鉢之用也。或俗用器皿。謂比丘用鉢。事理相應。若慮煩苟簡。以器盛飯停著鉢中。且不違戒而省煩。可得互用鉢食否。佛答。不得者。以非法非毗尼非佛所教故。若用犯捨墮。
問。鉢得炊作食否。答不得。炊犯捨墮。
釋。謂比丘不自熟食。以持鉢福利眾生之意也。或行矌野無人處。此鉢可得炊爨作食否。佛答不得者。以僧有厨院淨食之釜故。若故炊者犯捨墮。