---
title: "孫子兵法 · 地形第十"
description: "《孙子兵法》是中国春秋时期军事家孙武所著的经典兵书，约成书于公元前六世纪末。该书产生于诸侯争霸、战争频繁的时代，总结了丰富的军事经验，提出兵者，国之大事的慎战思想，并系统阐述了谋攻、形势、虚实、军争、九变、行军等战略战术原则。虽然《孙子兵法》本身是兵学圣典，但在佛教传播中常被引用为世间智慧的代表，与佛教的慈悲智慧形成互补，部分寺院亦将其纳入管理参考，体现了佛法圆融世出世间法的特质。"
url: "https://rushiwowen.co/en/r/cmgbt6eu9000et1le2k8ckfwd"
---

### 地形第十

> Chapter 10: The Land

孫子曰：凡地形有通者、有掛者、有支者、有隘者、有險者、有遠者。我可以往，彼可以來，曰通。通形者，先居高陽，利糧道，以戰則利。可以往，難以返，曰掛。掛形者，敵無備，出而勝之；敵若有備，出而不勝，難以返，不利。我出而不利，彼出而不利，曰支。支形者，敵雖利我，我無出也，引而去之，令敵半出而擊之，利。隘形者，我先居之，必盈之以待敵。若敵先居之，盈而勿從，不盈而從之。險形者，我先居之，必居高陽以待敵；若敵先居之，引而去之，勿從也。遠形者，勢均，難以挑戰，戰而不利。凡此六者，地之道也，將之至任，不可不察也。

> Master Sun said: In terms of terrain, there are six types: open, treacherous, deadlock, narrow, hazardous, and distant. \*\*Open terrain\*\* is where both we and the enemy can move freely. On open ground, seize the high, sunny position first, secure your supply lines, and then you will have the advantage in battle. \*\*Treacherous terrain\*\* is where it is easy to advance but hard to withdraw. On treacherous ground, if the enemy is unprepared, strike and defeat them. But if the enemy is prepared, an attack will fail, withdrawal will be difficult, and you will be at a disadvantage. \*\*Deadlock terrain\*\* is where neither side gains by advancing. On deadlock ground, even if the enemy offers bait, do not attack. Instead, withdraw and lure the enemy out; then strike when they are halfway out—this is advantageous. \*\*Narrow terrain\*\* is where if we occupy it first, we must fully deploy to await the enemy. If the enemy occupies it first and is fully deployed, do not attack. If they are not fully deployed, then attack. \*\*Hazardous terrain\*\* is where if we occupy it first, we must take the high, sunny position to await the enemy. If the enemy occupies it first, withdraw and do not attack. \*\*Distant terrain\*\* is where forces are evenly matched, and it is difficult to provoke battle; fighting under such conditions is disadvantageous. These six are the principles of terrain. They are the commander’s utmost responsibility and must be thoroughly examined.

故兵有走者、有弛者、有陷者、有崩者、有亂者、有北者。凡此六者，非天之災，將之過也。夫勢均，以一擊十，曰走；卒强吏弱，曰弛；吏强卒弱，曰陷；大吏怒而不服，遇敵懟而自戰，將不知其能，曰崩；將弱不嚴，教道不明，吏卒無常，陳兵縱橫，曰亂；將不能料敵，以少合衆，以弱擊強，兵無選鋒，曰北。凡此六者，敗之道也，將之至任，不可不察也。

> Now, there are six types of armies that lead to defeat: the fleeing, the lax, the collapsing, the crumbling, the chaotic, and the routed. None of these six arise from natural disasters, but from the general's own failings. When forces are equal, yet he attacks one against ten—this is called the fleeing army. When troops are strong but officers weak—this is called the lax army. When officers are strong but troops weak—this is called the collapsing army. When high-ranking officers are enraged and disobedient, confronting the enemy in resentment and fighting on their own, while the general does not understand their abilities—this is called the crumbling army. When the general is weak and lacks authority, his training and methods unclear, officers and troops without discipline, and formations disordered—this is called the chaotic army. When the general cannot assess the enemy, engages the many with few, attacks the strong with the weak, and has no elite vanguard—this is called the routed army. All these six are paths to defeat. The highest responsibility of a general is to examine them thoroughly.

夫地形者，兵之助也。料敵制勝，計險厄遠近，上將之道也。知此而用戰者必勝，不知此而用戰者必敗。故戰道必勝，主曰無戰，必戰可也；戰道不勝，主曰必戰，無戰可也。是故進不求名，退不避罪，唯民是保，而利合於主，國之寶也。

> Terrain is an aid to warfare. To assess the enemy and secure victory, to calculate the dangers, the difficulties, and the distances—this is the way of a superior commander. Those who understand this and then wage war will surely win; those who do not understand this and wage war will surely lose. Therefore, if the conditions of battle ensure victory, but the ruler says, “Do not fight,” you may still fight. If the conditions of battle do not ensure victory, but the ruler says, “You must fight,” you may still refuse to fight. Thus, advance not seeking fame, retreat not avoiding blame—only protecting the people and acting in the ruler’s true interest—such a commander is a treasure to the state.

視卒如嬰兒，故可以與之赴深溪；視卒如愛子，故可與之俱死。厚而不能使，愛而不能令，亂而不能治，譬若驕子，不可用也。

> Treat your soldiers as you would treat your own children, and they will follow you into the deepest valleys; cherish them as you would your dearest sons, and they will stand by you even unto death. But if you are indulgent yet unable to command them, loving yet unable to enforce discipline, and when chaos arises you cannot restore order—they will be like spoiled children, and utterly useless.

知吾卒之可以擊，而不知敵之不可擊，勝之半也；知敵之可擊，而不知吾卒之不可以擊，勝之半也；知敵之可擊，知吾卒之可以擊，而不知地形之不可以戰，勝之半也。故知兵者，動而不迷，舉而不窮。故曰：知彼知己，勝乃不殆；知天知地，勝乃可全。

> If you know your own troops are capable of attack, but do not know the enemy is not vulnerable to attack, your chance of victory is only half. If you know the enemy is vulnerable to attack, but do not know your own troops are not capable of it, your chance of victory is only half. If you know the enemy is vulnerable to attack and know your own troops are capable of it, but do not know the terrain makes battle unwise, your chance of victory is only half. Therefore, one who truly understands warfare acts without confusion and moves without exhaustion. Thus it is said: Know the enemy and know yourself, and victory will not be in peril; know the heavens and know the earth, and victory can be complete.