---
title: "孫子兵法 · 九地第十一"
description: "《孙子兵法》是中国春秋时期军事家孙武所著的经典兵书，约成书于公元前六世纪末。该书产生于诸侯争霸、战争频繁的时代，总结了丰富的军事经验，提出兵者，国之大事的慎战思想，并系统阐述了谋攻、形势、虚实、军争、九变、行军等战略战术原则。虽然《孙子兵法》本身是兵学圣典，但在佛教传播中常被引用为世间智慧的代表，与佛教的慈悲智慧形成互补，部分寺院亦将其纳入管理参考，体现了佛法圆融世出世间法的特质。"
url: "https://rushiwowen.co/en/r/cmgbt6eu9000ft1levmv06qbb"
---

### 九地第十一

> Chapter 11: The Ninth Stage

孫子曰：凡用兵之法，有散地，有輕地，有爭地，有交地，有衢地，有重地，有圮地，有圍地，有死地。諸侯自戰其地者，為散地；入人之地而不深者，為輕地；我得則利，彼得亦利者，為爭地；我可以往，彼可以來者，為交地；諸侯之地三屬，先至而得天下之衆者，為衢地；入人之地深，背城邑多者，為重地；山林、險阻、沮澤，凡難行之道者，為圮地；所由入者隘，所從歸者迂，彼寡可以擊吾之衆者，為圍地；疾戰則存，不疾戰則亡者，為死地。是故散地則無戰，輕地則無止，爭地則無攻，交地則無絕，衢地則合交，重地則掠，圮地則行，圍地則謀，死地則戰。

所謂古之善用兵者，能使敵人前後不相及，衆寡不相恃，貴賤不相救，上下不相收，卒離而不集，兵合而不齊。合於利而動，不合於利而止。敢問︰「敵衆整而將來，待之若何？」曰：「先奪其所愛，則聽矣。」故兵之情主速，乘人之不及，由不虞之道，攻其所不戒也。

> The truly skilled commanders of old could ensure that the enemy's front and rear forces could not support each other, that their main and auxiliary troops could not rely on one another, that officers and soldiers could not come to each other's aid, that the high and low ranks could not coordinate, that scattered soldiers could not regroup, and that assembled troops could not form orderly ranks. They would act only when it was advantageous, and refrain when it was not. Suppose someone asks: "What if the enemy is numerous, well-organized, and about to attack—how should we respond?" The answer is: "First seize what they hold dear, and they will be compelled to obey." Thus, the essence of warfare lies in speed—striking when the enemy is unprepared, advancing along unexpected paths, and attacking where they are least guarded.

凡為客之道，深入則專，主人不克。掠于饒野，三軍足食。謹養而勿勞，併氣積力，運兵計謀，為不可測。投之無所往，死且不北。死焉不得，士人盡力。兵士甚陷則不懼，無所往則固，深入則拘，不得已則鬥。是故其兵不修而戒，不求而得，不約而親，不令而信。禁祥去疑，至死無所之。吾士無餘財，非惡貨也；無餘命，非惡壽也。令發之日，士卒坐者涕沾襟，偃臥者淚交頤。投之無所往者，則諸、劌之勇也。

故善用兵者，譬如率然。率然者，常山之蛇也。擊其首則尾至，擊其尾則首至，擊其中則首尾俱至。敢問︰「兵可使如率然乎？」曰︰「可。夫吳人與越人相惡也，當其同舟而濟。遇風，其相救也，如左右手。」是故方馬埋輪，未足恃也；齊勇如一，政之道也；剛柔皆得，地之理也。故善用兵者，攜手若使一人，不得已也。

將軍之事，靜以幽，正以治。能愚士卒之耳目，使之無知；易其事，革其謀，使人無識；易其居，迂其途，使人不得慮。帥與之期，如登高而去其梯；帥與之深入諸侯之地，而發其機，焚舟破釜，若驅群羊。驅而往，驅而來，莫知所之。聚三軍之衆，投之於險，此謂將軍之事也。九地之變，屈伸之利，人情之理，不可不察也。

凡為客之道，深則專，淺則散。去國越境而師者，絕地也；四達者，衢地也；入深者，重地也；入淺者，輕地也；背固前隘者，圍地也；無所往者，死地也。是故散地，吾將一其志；輕地，吾將使之屬；爭地，吾將趨其後；交地，吾將謹其守；衢地，吾將固其結；重地，吾將繼其食；圮地，吾將進其途；圍地，吾將塞其闕；死地，吾將示之以不活。故兵之情：圍則禦，不得已則鬥，過則從。

> In the general principles of military operations, when troops are deep in enemy territory, their will is unified; when they are on shallow ground, their morale is prone to scatter. To lead an army beyond the borders into another state is to enter a \*cut-off land\*; a place where roads converge is a \*crossroads land\*; deep penetration is \*heavy land\*; shallow entry is \*light land\*; terrain with a secure rear but a narrow front is \*encircled land\*; a place with no way out is \*death land\*. Therefore: - In \*scattered land\*, I will unify the will of my troops. - In \*light land\*, I will ensure they remain connected. - In \*contested land\*, I will advance swiftly to the rear. - In \*accessible land\*, I will guard carefully. - In \*crossroads land\*, I will strengthen alliances. - In \*heavy land\*, I will ensure a continuous supply of provisions. - In \*difficult land\*, I will press forward along the road. - In \*encircled land\*, I will block the gaps. - In \*death land\*, I will show the troops there is no way out but to fight. Thus, the nature of soldiers is this: when surrounded, they resist; when there is no alternative, they fight; when in deep peril, they obey.

是故不知諸侯之謀者，不能豫交；不知山林、險阻、沮澤之形者，不能行軍；不用鄉導者，不能得地利。四五者，不知一，非霸王之兵也。夫霸王之兵，伐大國，則其衆不得聚；威加於敵，則其交不得合。是故不爭天下之交，不養天下之權，信己之私，威加於敵，則其城可拔，其國可隳。施無法之賞，懸無政之令。犯三軍之衆，若使一人。犯之以事，勿告以言；犯之以利，勿告以害。投之亡地然後存，陷之死地然後生。夫衆陷於害，然後能為勝敗。故為兵之事，在於佯順敵之意，併敵一向，千里殺將，是謂巧能成事者也。

> Therefore, if you do not know the plans of the neighboring states, you cannot form alliances. If you do not know the terrain of mountains, forests, dangerous passes, marshes, and swamps, you cannot march an army. If you do not employ local guides, you cannot gain the advantages of the land. If you are ignorant of even one of these four or five factors, you are not fit to command the army of a true ruler or hegemon. The army of a true ruler or hegemon, when attacking a great state, prevents its forces from assembling. When its might is brought to bear upon the enemy, it prevents their alliances from forming. Thus, such a ruler does not strive to win over the alliances of the world, nor does he cultivate the power of other states. Relying on his own strength and imposing his might upon the enemy, he can capture their cities and overthrow their state. He bestows rewards that go beyond the usual laws, and issues commands that transcend ordinary administration. He commands the masses of the three armies as if directing a single man. Set them to their tasks, but do not reveal your plans. Employ them with the promise of gain, but do not speak of the dangers. Cast them into perilous ground, and they will survive. Place them in desperate situations, and they will live. Only when the masses are plunged into danger can they turn defeat into victory. Thus, the art of warfare lies in feigning compliance with the enemy's intentions, then concentrating your forces against a single point, striking from a thousand miles away to slay the enemy commander— this is what is called achieving success through skill and ability.

是故政舉之日，夷關折符，無通其使；厲於廊廟之上，以誅其事。敵人開闔，必亟入之，先其所愛，微與之期，踐墨隨敵，以決戰事。是故始如處女，敵人開戶；後如脫兔，敵不及拒。

> Therefore, on the day the campaign begins, close the borders, break the tallies, and allow no envoys to pass. Deliberate carefully in the court to settle the strategy. When the enemy shows an opening, you must swiftly enter. Seize what they hold dear, and subtly coordinate your timing. Adapt your plans to the enemy's movements, and thus decide the battle. At first, be as still as a maiden, and the enemy will open his door. Then be as swift as a fleeing hare, and the enemy will have no time to resist.