---
title: "孫子兵法 · 答話"
description: "《孙子兵法》是中国春秋时期军事家孙武所著的经典兵书，约成书于公元前六世纪末。该书产生于诸侯争霸、战争频繁的时代，总结了丰富的军事经验，提出兵者，国之大事的慎战思想，并系统阐述了谋攻、形势、虚实、军争、九变、行军等战略战术原则。虽然《孙子兵法》本身是兵学圣典，但在佛教传播中常被引用为世间智慧的代表，与佛教的慈悲智慧形成互补，部分寺院亦将其纳入管理参考，体现了佛法圆融世出世间法的特质。"
url: "https://rushiwowen.co/en/r/cmgbt6eua000it1ley41cu2lc"
---

### 答話

「吳王謂子胥、孫武曰：『始子言郢不可入，今果何如？』二將曰：『夫戰，借勝以成其威，非常勝之道。』吳王曰：『何謂也？』二將曰：『楚之為兵，天下彊敵也。今臣與之爭鋒，十亡一存，而王入郢者，天也，臣不敢必。』吳王曰：『吾欲復擊楚，奈何而有功？』伍胥、孫武曰：『囊瓦者，貪而多過於諸侯，而唐、蔡怨之。王必伐，得唐、蔡。』」

> King Wu asked Wu Zixu and Sun Wu, "At first you said Ying could not be taken—what do you think now?" The two generals replied, "In war, one relies on victory to establish authority—it is not the constant path to triumph." The king asked, "What do you mean?" They answered, "Chu's military is the strongest adversary under heaven. If we now contend with them directly, nine out of ten would perish, and only one might survive. That Your Majesty entered Ying was due to Heaven's will—we dare not claim it as certain." King Wu said, "I wish to attack Chu again—how can we achieve success?" Wu Zixu and Sun Wu replied, "Nang Wa is greedy and has offended many lords, so Tang and Cai resent him. If Your Majesty attacks, you will gain Tang and Cai."

吳王問孫武曰：「散地士卒顧家，不可與戰，則必固守不出。若敵攻我小城，掠吾田野，禁吾樵採，塞吾要道，待吾空虛而急來攻，則如之何？」武曰：「敵人深入吾都，多背城邑，士卒以軍為家，專志輕鬥。吾兵在國，安土懷生，以陣則不堅，以鬥則不勝，當集人合衆，聚穀蓄帛，保城備險，遣輕兵絶其糧道，彼挑戰不得，轉輸不至，野無所掠，三軍困餒，因而誘之，可以有功。若與野戰，則必因勢，依險設伏，無險則隱於天氣陰晦昏霧，出其不意，襲擊懈怠，可以有功。」

> King Wu asked Sun Wu, "When our troops are on home ground, concerned for their families, and cannot be engaged in battle, we must hold firm and not venture out. But if the enemy attacks our small towns, plunders our fields, blocks our woodcutting, and cuts off our vital routes, waiting until our defenses are weakened to launch a swift assault, what should we do?" Sun Wu replied, "When the enemy has penetrated deep into our territory, they are often cut off from their own cities and towns. Their soldiers regard the army as their home, focused and eager to fight. Our own troops, being on home soil, are attached to their land and think of survival—their formations will not be firm, and in combat they will not prevail. We should gather our people, assemble our forces, stockpile grain and supplies, fortify our cities, and secure strategic points. Dispatch light troops to cut off the enemy’s supply lines. When they cannot provoke us into battle, when their provisions fail to arrive, and when there is nothing left in the countryside to plunder, their entire army will be worn down and hungry. Then, by luring them in, we can achieve success. If we must engage them in open battle, we must rely on the terrain, set ambushes in dangerous places, and if there is no such terrain, use the cover of overcast skies, fog, or darkness to strike unexpectedly, attacking when they are off guard and weary. In this way, we can achieve success."

吳王問孫武曰：「吾至輕地，始入敵境，士卒思還，難進易退，未背險阻，三軍恐懼，大將欲進，士卒欲退，上下異心，敵守其城壘，整其車騎，或當吾前，或擊吾後，則如之何？」武曰：「軍至輕地，士卒未專，以入為務。無以戰為故，無近其名城，無由其通路，設疑徉惑，示若將去，乃選驍騎，銜枚先入，掠其牛馬六畜。三軍見得，進乃不懼。分吾良卒，密有所伏。敵人若來，擊之勿疑。若其不至，舍之而去。」

> King Wu asked Sun Wu, "When my army enters enemy territory in a lightly defended area, my soldiers long to return home. It is difficult to advance and easy to retreat. We have not yet encountered dangerous terrain, yet the entire army is fearful. The generals wish to advance, but the soldiers want to withdraw. Their hearts are divided. The enemy holds their fortifications, organizes their chariots and cavalry, and either blocks our path ahead or attacks us from behind. What should we do?" Sun Wu replied, "When the army reaches lightly defended territory and the soldiers are not yet fully committed, make entering the enemy land your priority. Do not seek battle for its own sake. Do not approach their major cities, and do not take the main roads. Create confusion and deception, making it appear as if you intend to withdraw. Then select swift cavalry, have them advance silently with gagged mouths, and seize their cattle, horses, and livestock. When the army sees these gains, they will advance without fear. Divide your best troops and conceal them in ambush. If the enemy comes, attack without hesitation. If they do not come, abandon the position and move on."

吳王問孫武曰：「爭地，敵先至，據要保利，簡兵練卒，或出或守，以備我奇，則如之何？」武曰：「爭地之法，讓之者得，爭之者失。敵得其處，慎勿攻之。引而佯走，建旗鳴鼓，趨其所愛，曳柴揚塵，惑其耳目。分吾良卒，密有所伏，敵必出救。人慾我與，人棄吾取。此爭先之道。若我先至而敵用此術，則選吾銳卒，固守其所，輕兵追之，分伏險阻。敵人還鬥，伏兵旁起，此全勝之道也。」

> King Wu asked Sun Wu: "When contending for territory, if the enemy arrives first, occupies a key position, secures advantages, trains troops, and either advances or holds ground to counter our unexpected moves—what should we do?" Sun Wu replied: "The principle of contending for territory is this: those who yield gain, those who fight lose. If the enemy has taken the position, do not attack recklessly. Instead, feign retreat—raise banners, beat drums, and head toward what the enemy cherishes. Drag brushwood to stir up dust, confusing their sight and hearing. Divide your elite troops and secretly set an ambush. The enemy will surely come out to rescue. Give them what they desire; take what they abandon. This is the way to seize the initiative. If we arrive first and the enemy employs this tactic, then select our sharpest troops to firmly hold our position, send light forces to pursue them, and set ambushes in dangerous terrain. When the enemy turns to fight, our hidden forces rise from the sides. This is the path to complete victory."

吳王問孫武曰：「交地，吾將絶敵，令不得來，必全吾邊城，修其所備，深絶通道，固其隘塞。若不先圖，敵人已備，彼可得來，而吾不可往，為寡又均，則如之何？」武曰：「既我不可以往彼可以來，吾分卒匿之，守而易怠，示其不能，敵人且至，設伏隱廬，出其不意，可以有功也。」

> King Wu asked Sun Wu, "In a contested area, I wish to cut off the enemy so they cannot advance, while fully securing our border towns, strengthening our defenses, blocking all major routes, and fortifying the passes. If I do not plan ahead, and the enemy is already prepared, they can come to us while we cannot go to them. Our forces are equally matched—what should I do then?" Sun Wu replied, "If we cannot go to them but they can come to us, we should divide our troops and conceal them. Maintain a defensive posture but appear lax, showing that we are incapable. When the enemy approaches, set ambushes in hidden positions and strike when they least expect it. This way, we can achieve success."

吳王問孫武曰：「衢地必先，吾道遠，發後，雖馳車驟馬，至不能先，則如之何？」武曰：「諸侯參屬，其道四通，我與敵相當，而傍有國。所謂先者，必重幣輕使，約和傍國，交親結恩，兵雖後至，為以屬矣。簡兵練卒，阻利而處，親吾軍事，實吾資糧，令吾車騎出入膽候。我有衆助，彼失其黨，諸國犄角，震鼓齊攻，敵人驚恐，莫知所當。」

> King Wu asked Sun Tzu: "When we must seize the crossroads first, but our route is long, and we set out late—even if we race our chariots and urge our horses, we cannot get there ahead of the enemy. What then should we do?" Sun Tzu replied: "In a region where several states border one another, with roads extending in all directions, if we and the enemy are matched in strength and there are neighboring states nearby, what is called 'seizing first' means we must send generous gifts and swift envoys to make peace with those neighboring states, forging bonds of friendship and goodwill. Even if our troops arrive later, we will already have secured their allegiance. Select and train your soldiers, occupy advantageous terrain, win the trust of our military affairs, stockpile our supplies and provisions, and have our chariots and cavalry move about to scout and patrol. With the support of many allies, the enemy will lose their backing. When the various states press in from all sides, drums thundering as they attack together, the enemy will be thrown into panic and confusion, not knowing where to turn."

吳王問孫武曰：「吾引兵深入重地，多所逾越，糧道絶塞，設欲歸還，勢不可過，欲食於敵，持兵不失，則如之何？」武曰：「凡居重地，士卒輕勇，轉輪不通，則掠以繼食。下得粟帛，皆貢於上，多者有賞，士無歸意。若欲還出，切實戒備，深溝高壘，示敵且久，敵疑通途，私除要害之道，乃令輕車銜枚而行，塵埃氣揚，以牛馬為餌。敵人若出，鳴鼓隨之，陰伏吾士，與之中期。內外相應，其敗可知。」

> King Wu asked Sun Wu, "If I lead my troops deep into critical territory, crossing many obstacles, and our supply lines are cut off—so that even if we wished to retreat, the situation would not allow it—how should we proceed if we want to sustain ourselves by taking from the enemy while keeping our forces intact?" Sun Wu replied, "When operating in critical territory, where the soldiers are bold and resolute but supply routes are blocked, you must seize provisions from the enemy to sustain yourselves. Whatever grain and cloth the troops capture should be handed over to the command; reward those who contribute much, so that the soldiers have no thought of turning back. If you then decide to break out, you must prepare thoroughly: dig deep trenches and raise high ramparts, making it appear to the enemy that you intend to hold out for a long time. Let the enemy suspect there are secret passages, while you quietly secure the vital routes. Then order light chariots to advance silently, raising dust and using cattle and horses as bait. If the enemy emerges, sound the drums and follow them, while concealing our troops in ambush to strike at the opportune moment. With coordination from within and without, their defeat is assured."

吳王問孫武曰：「吾入圮地，山川險阻，難從之道，行久卒勞，敵在吾前，而伏吾後，營居吾左，而守吾右，良車驍騎，要吾隘道，則如之何？」武曰：「先進輕車，去軍十裏，與敵相候。接期險阻，或分而左，或分而右，大將四觀，擇空而取，皆會中道，倦而乃止。」 吳王問孫武曰：「吾入圍地，前有強敵，後有險難，敵絶糧道，利我走勢，敵鼓噪不進，以觀吾能，則如之何？」武曰：「圍地之宜，必塞其闕，示無所往，則以軍？家，萬人同心。三軍齊力，並炊數日，無見火煙，故？毀亂寡弱之形，敵人見我，備之必輕。告勵士卒，令其奮怒。陣伏良卒，左右險阻，擊鼓而出，敵人若當，疾擊務突，前鬥後拓，左右犄角。」

> King Wu asked Sun Wu, "If we enter treacherous terrain, with steep mountains and rivers, difficult paths to traverse, our troops weary from long marches, the enemy ahead of us, ambushes behind us, encampments to our left, and defenses to our right, with their elite chariots and cavalry blocking us in narrow passes, what should we do?" Sun Wu replied, "First send out light chariots to scout ten miles ahead of the main army and observe the enemy. When encountering dangerous terrain, divide your forces—some to the left, some to the right. The commander should survey the situation from all sides, identify gaps, and seize opportunities. Then regroup the forces along the main route and rest when they are exhausted." King Wu asked Sun Wu, "If we are trapped in encircled terrain, with a strong enemy ahead, treacherous obstacles behind, our supply lines cut off, and the enemy exploiting our retreat, while they beat their drums and shout but do not advance—observing our capabilities—what should we do?" Sun Wu replied, "In encircled terrain, you must block all escape routes to show there is no way out. Unite the army and the people, so ten thousand hearts beat as one. Gather the entire force, cook meals for several days without showing smoke or fire, and feign disorder, weakness, and scarcity. When the enemy sees this, they will grow complacent. Rally your troops, inspire their fury. Conceal elite soldiers in ambush on both sides of the dangerous terrain. Then beat the drums and charge out. If the enemy resists, strike swiftly and break through fiercely. Fight fiercely at the front while expanding at the rear, with forces on the left and right forming supporting angles."

又問曰：「敵在吾圍，伏而深謀，示我以利，縈我以旗，紛紛若亂，不知所之，奈何？」武曰：「千人操旌，分塞要道，輕兵進挑，陣而勿搏，交而勿去，此敗謀之法。」

> The disciple asked further: "If the enemy is within our encirclement, lying low and planning deeply, tempting us with apparent advantages, confusing us with shifting banners, appearing chaotic and unpredictable—what should we do?" Sun Wu replied: "Have a thousand troops hold banners to block key passages. Send light forces to provoke them but form ranks without engaging in full combat. Maintain contact without withdrawing—this is the method to defeat their schemes."

又曰：「軍入敵境，敵人固壘不戰，士卒思歸，欲退且難，謂之輕地。當選驍騎伏要路，我退敵追，來則擊之也。」

> He also said: "When the army enters enemy territory, and the enemy fortifies their positions and refuses to engage, while our own soldiers grow homesick and find retreat difficult, this is called 'perilous ground.' At such times, select swift cavalry to lie in ambush along key routes. If we retreat and the enemy pursues, strike them when they come."

吳王問孫武曰：「吾師出境，軍於敵人之地，敵人大至，圍我數重。欲突以出，四塞不通，欲勵士勵衆，使之投命潰圍，則如之何？」武曰：「深溝高壘，示衆守備，安靜勿動，以隱吾能，告令三軍，示不得已，殺牛燔車，以饗吾士，燒盡糧食，填夷井實，割發捐冠，絶去生慮，將無餘謀，士有死志，於是砥甲礪刃，並氣一力，或攻兩勞，震鼓疾噪，敵人亦懼，莫知所當，銳卒分兵，疾攻其後，此是失道而求生。故曰：困而不謀者窮，窮而不戰者亡。」吳王曰：「若我圍敵，則如之何？」武曰：「山峻谷險，難以逾越，謂之窮寇。擊之之法，伏卒隱廬，開其去道，示其走路，求生逃出，必無鬥志。因而擊之，雖衆必破。《兵法》又曰：若敵人在死地，士卒勇氣，欲擊之法，順而勿抗，陰守其利，絶其糧道，恐有奇隱而不睹，使吾弓弩俱守其所。」按︰何氏引此文，亦云「兵法曰」，則知問答之詞亦在八十二篇之內也。

> King Wu asked Sun Wu: "When my army has marched beyond our borders and encamped in enemy territory, the enemy arrives in great force and surrounds us on all sides. If we wish to break out, but all paths are blocked, and we want to inspire our officers and troops, to make them risk their lives and smash the encirclement—how should we proceed?" Sun Wu replied: "Dig deep trenches and raise high ramparts, showing the troops we are prepared to defend. Remain calm and still, concealing our true capabilities. Announce to the three armies that we have no other choice. Slaughter oxen and burn the wagons to feast our soldiers. Burn all provisions, fill in the wells, cut off our hair and discard our caps, abandoning all thought of survival. Let the commanders have no further plans; let the soldiers be resolved to die. Then sharpen armor and weapons, unite our spirit and strength. Attack from both sides, beating drums and shouting fiercely. The enemy will also grow fearful, uncertain where to turn. Send crack troops to divide their forces and swiftly strike their rear. This is what it means to lose the way yet fight for life. Thus it is said: 'Those who are trapped yet make no plan will be exhausted; those who are exhausted yet do not fight will perish.'" King Wu asked: "If I am the one surrounding the enemy, then what should I do?" Sun Wu said: "When the enemy is in steep mountains and perilous valleys, difficult to cross, they are called 'desperate bandits.' The method to attack them is to hide ambushing troops, leave open a path for their retreat, show them a route to flee. Seeking to survive and escape, they will surely lose the will to fight. Strike them then—however numerous they are, they will be defeated. The Art of War also states: 'If the enemy is in a fatal position and their soldiers are courageous, the method to attack them is to yield and not resist openly; secretly guard the advantages, cut off their supply routes. Be wary of hidden surprises you cannot see. Have our archers and crossbowmen all hold their positions.'" Note: He Shi, in quoting this passage, also says "The Art of War states," thus we know that this dialogue is also included within the eighty-two chapters.

吳王問孫武曰：「敵勇不懼，驕而無虞，兵眾而強，圖之奈何？」武曰：「詘而待之，以順其意，令無省覺，以益其懈怠。因敵遷移，潛伏候待，前行不瞻，後往不顧，中而擊之，雖衆可取。攻驕之道，不可爭鋒。」

> King Wu asked Sun Tzu, "What should I do if the enemy is brave and fearless, arrogant and careless, with a large and powerful army?" Sun Tzu replied, "Appear weak and wait, going along with their intentions so they remain unaware, allowing their complacency to grow. Follow the enemy's movements, lie in wait, and when they advance without looking ahead and retreat without looking back, strike them in the middle. Even a large force can be defeated. When attacking the arrogant, do not confront them head-on."

吳王問孫武曰：「敵人保據山險，擅利而處之，糧食又足，挑之則不出，乘間則侵掠，為之奈何？」武曰：「分兵守要，謹備勿懈；潛探其情，密候其怠；以利誘之，禁其樵採。久無所得，自然變改；待離其固，奪其所愛。敵據險隘，我能破之也。」

> The King of Wu asked Sun Wu: "When the enemy holds a strong position in the mountains, controls the strategic advantage, has ample supplies, refuses to come out when challenged, and seizes every opportunity to raid and plunder—what should we do?" Sun Wu replied: "Divide your forces to guard the key points, maintain strict vigilance without slackening. Secretly scout their situation, and wait for the moment they let down their guard. Lure them with the prospect of gain, and cut off their access to firewood and forage. When they gain nothing over a long time, their situation will naturally change. Wait until they leave their stronghold, then seize what they hold dear. Even if the enemy occupies a dangerous pass, we can still defeat them."

孫子曰：「將者︰智也，仁也，敬也，信也，勇也，嚴也。」是故智以折敵，仁以附衆，敬以招賢，信以必賞，勇以益氣，嚴以一令。故折敵，則能合變；衆附，則思力戰；賢智集，則陰謀利；賞罰必，則士盡力；氣勇益，則兵威令自倍；威令一，則惟將所使。

> Sun Tzu said: "A general must possess wisdom, benevolence, respect, integrity, courage, and strictness." Therefore, wisdom is used to outmaneuver the enemy; benevolence to win over the masses; respect to attract the worthy; integrity to ensure rewards are given; courage to boost morale; and strictness to unify commands. Thus, by outmaneuvering the enemy, one can adapt to changing circumstances; when the masses are won over, they will think of fighting with all their strength; when the wise and capable gather, covert strategies will succeed; when rewards and punishments are certain, soldiers will give their utmost; when morale and courage are boosted, the army's authority and commands are naturally doubled; and when authority and commands are unified, they follow only the general's orders.

《孫子占》曰：「三軍將行，其旌旗從容以向前，是為天送，必亟擊之，得其大將。三軍將行，其旌旗墊然音店若雨，是為天霑，其帥失。三軍將行，旌旗亂於上，東西南北無所主方，其軍不還。三軍將陣，雨師，是為浴師，勿用陣戰。三軍將戰，有云其上而赤，勿用陣，先陣戰者，莫復其迹。三軍方行，大風飄起於軍前，右周絶軍，其將亡；右周中，其師得糧。」

> "The Art of War Divination" states: "When the three armies are about to march, if their banners and flags advance steadily and calmly, this is a sign from heaven. Attack swiftly, and you will capture the enemy commander. When the three armies are about to march, if their banners and flags droop as if soaked by rain, this is a sign of heavenly dampness, and the commander will be lost. When the three armies are about to march, if the banners and flags are in disarray above, with no clear direction east, west, south, or north, the army will not return. When the three armies are about to form their battle lines, if rain falls, this is a sign of cleansing the troops—do not engage in battle. When the three armies are about to fight, if red clouds appear above, do not engage in battle. Those who fight first will leave no trace behind. When the three armies are on the march, if a great wind rises and sweeps before the army, circling to the right and cutting off the army, the commander will perish. If it circles to the right and reaches the center, the army will obtain provisions."

又按︰《北堂書鈔》引《孫子兵法》云︰「貴之而無驕，委之而不專，扶之而無隱，危之而不懼。故良將之動心，猶璧玉之不可污也。」《太平御覽》以為出諸葛亮《兵要》。又引《孫子兵法祕要》云︰「良將思計如飢，所以戰必勝，攻必克也。」按︰《兵法祕要》，孫子無其書。魏武有《兵法接要》一卷，或亦名為《孫子兵法接要》，猶魏武所作《兵法》，亦名為《續孫子兵法》也。《北堂書鈔》又引《孫子兵法論》云︰「非文無以平治，非武無以治亂。善用兵者，有三畧焉︰上畧伐智，中畧伐義，下畧伐勢。」按︰此亦不似孫武語，蓋後世兵多祖孫武，故作《兵法論》，即名為《孫子兵法論》也。附識於此，以備考。

> Furthermore, note: The \*Beitang Shuchao\* quotes from \*Sunzi's Art of War\*: "When honored, he is not arrogant; when entrusted with responsibility, he does not act arbitrarily; when supported, he conceals nothing; when in danger, he does not fear. Thus, the heart of a great general is like jade—it cannot be stained." The \*Taiping Yulan\* attributes this to Zhuge Liang's \*Essentials of Warfare\*. It also quotes \*Sunzi's Secret Essentials of Warfare\*: "A great general thinks of strategy as if hungry; therefore, in battle he is sure to win, in attack he is sure to conquer." Note: There is no such book as \*Secret Essentials of Warfare\* attributed to Sunzi. Cao Cao wrote a one-volume work titled \*Essential Strategies of Warfare\*, which may also have been called \*Sunzi's Essential Strategies of Warfare\*, just as Cao Cao's own work on warfare was also titled \*Continuation of Sunzi's Art of War\*. The \*Beitang Shuchao\* also quotes \*Sunzi's Discourse on Warfare\*: "Without civil governance, there is no way to bring peace; without military force, there is no way to quell chaos. Those skilled in warfare have three strategies: the highest strategy attacks wisdom, the middle strategy attacks righteousness, the lowest strategy attacks momentum." Note: This also does not sound like Sun Wu's words. It is likely that later military thinkers often revered Sun Wu, so when they wrote \*Discourse on Warfare\*, they titled it \*Sunzi's Discourse on Warfare\*. This is recorded here for reference.