...(坤下坤上)
[图片: ../figures/J/J20p0400_01.gif](Below is Kun, above is Kun)
坤：元亨，利牝馬之貞。君子有攸往，先迷，後得主，利。西南得朋，東北喪朋，安貞吉。
Kun: Great success, favorable for the constancy of a mare. A noble person has somewhere to go. If one goes forward blindly, they will get lost; but if they follow, they will find a guide. Favorable. In the southwest, one gains friends; in the northeast, one loses friends. Peace and constancy bring good fortune.
六畫皆陰，故名為「坤」。「坤」者，順也。在天為陰、在地為柔、在人為仁。在性為寂、在修為止。又在器界為載，在根身為腹、為腑臟，在家為妻、在國為臣。順則所行無逆，故亦「元亨」，然必利牝馬之貞，隨順牡馬而不亂。其在君子之體「坤」德以修道也，必先用「乾」智以開圓解，然後用此「坤」行以卒成之。若未有智解，先修定行，則必成暗證之迷；惟隨智後用之，則「得主」而有「利」。如目足並運，安隱入清涼池；亦如巧力並具，能中于百步之外也。若往西南，則但得陰之朋類，如水濟水，不堪成事；若往東北，則喪其陰之朋黨，而與智慧相應，方安于定慧均平之貞而吉也。
All six lines are yin, and so this hexagram is named "Kun." Kun means yielding and following. In the heavens, it is yin; on earth, it is softness; in humans, it is benevolence. In the nature, it is stillness; in practice, it is stillness and cessation. In the realm of physical things, it is that which supports; in the body, it is the belly and the internal organs; in the household, it is the wife; in the state, it is the minister. Following and yielding means one's actions encounter no resistance, and so it is also "great and successful"—but one must hold to the constancy of a mare, following the stallion without disorder. When a noble person embodies Kun's virtue in cultivating the Way, he must first use Qian's wisdom to open up a complete understanding, and only then use this Kun-like practice to bring it to fulfillment. If one undertakes meditative practice without first having wisdom and understanding, one will fall into the confusion of dark, unverified realization. Only by using practice in the wake of wisdom does one "find the master" and gain benefit. This is like eyes and feet working together, safely entering the cool, clear pool; it is also like having both skill and strength, able to hit the target from a hundred paces away. If one goes toward the southwest, one only finds companions of the same yin kind—like adding water to water, incapable of accomplishing anything. If one goes toward the northeast, one loses one's yin companions and aligns with wisdom, and only then abides peacefully in the constancy of balanced concentration and insight, which is auspicious.
〈彖〉曰：至哉坤元，萬物資生，乃順承天。坤厚載物，德合無疆；含弘光大，品物咸亨。牝馬地類，行地無疆，柔順利貞。君子攸行，先迷失道，後順得常。西南得朋，乃與類行；東北喪朋，乃終有慶。安貞之吉，應地無疆。
The Commentary says: How profound is the primordial power of Earth! All things owe their existence to it, and it humbly follows Heaven's will. Earth's depth carries all things, its virtue boundless in its embrace; it contains vastness and radiates light, so all beings thrive. The mare belongs to the earth's kind, moving across it without limit—gentle, obedient, and steadfast in purpose. When a noble one acts, if they rush ahead, they lose their way; if they follow with humility, they find their true path. Going southwest brings companions, for one walks with kindred spirits; going northeast means losing companions, yet in the end, there is cause for joy. The good fortune of peaceful constancy lies in responding to Earth's endless nature.
此傳詳釋彖辭，先約地道明坤四德，次明君子體「坤」德而應地道也。「資始」所以稟氣；「資生」所以成形，由稟氣故方得成形，故名「順承天」也。「德合無疆」，言其與天合德。西南則「兌」「離」以及于「巽」皆陰之類；東北則「震」「艮」以至「坎」「乾」，可賴之以終吉矣。佛法釋者，以「坤」表多所含蓄而無積聚之如來藏性。約智名「乾」，約理名「坤」；約照名「乾」，約寂名「坤」。又可約性名「乾」，約修名「坤」。又可修中慧行名「乾」，行行名「坤」。「乾」「坤」實無先後，以喻理智一如，寂照不二，性修交徹，福慧互嚴。今于無先後中說先後者，由智故顯理，由照故顯寂，由性故起修，由慧故導福。而理與智冥，寂與照一，修與性合，福與慧融，故曰「至哉坤元，萬物資生，乃順承天」也。稱理之行，自利利他，一行一切行，故德合于無疆之智而「含弘光大」也。「牝馬」「行地」雖順而健，三昧隨智慧行，所以為佛之三昧也。夫五度如盲，般若如導，若以福行為先，則佛知見未開，未免落于旁蹊曲徑而失道。惟以智導行、行順于智，則智常而行亦常，故「西南得朋」，不過與類俱行而已；惟「東北喪朋」，則于一一行中具見佛性，而行行無非法界，當體絕待，「終有慶」矣！所以「安貞之吉」，定慧均平，乃可應如來藏性之無疆也。
This commentary explains in detail the meaning of the Judgment text. First, it clarifies the four virtues of Kun from the perspective of the Earth; next, it explains how the noble person embodies the virtue of Kun and responds to the way of the Earth. "Initial unfolding" refers to receiving the vital force; "giving birth" refers to taking shape. Because one receives the vital force, one can then take shape—this is why it is called "following in obedience to Heaven." "Its virtue matches the boundless" means that it shares the same virtue as Heaven. The southwest corresponds to Dui, Li, and extends to Xun—all of these are of the yin category; the northeast corresponds to Zhen, Gen, and reaches to Kan and Qian—these can be relied upon to bring the good outcome to completion.
Explaining from the perspective of Buddhist teachings: Kun represents the Tathāgatagarbha nature, which contains much yet accumulates nothing. In terms of wisdom, it is called Qian; in terms of principle, it is called Kun. In terms of illumination, it is called Qian; in terms of stillness, it is called Kun. Alternatively, in terms of inherent nature, it is called Qian; in terms of cultivation, it is called Kun. Further, within cultivation, the practice of wisdom is called Qian, while the practice of conduct is called Kun.
Qian and Kun are fundamentally without sequence—this illustrates that wisdom and principle are one, stillness and illumination are not two, inherent nature and cultivation interpenetrate, and merit and wisdom adorn each other. Now, speaking of sequence within what has no sequence: because of wisdom, principle is revealed; because of illumination, stillness is revealed; because of inherent nature, cultivation arises; because of wisdom, merit is guided. And yet principle and wisdom merge, stillness and illumination become one, cultivation and inherent nature unite, merit and wisdom fuse. Therefore it is said: "Great indeed is the origin of Kun! All things receive their birth from it, and it follows in obedience to Heaven."
Conduct that accords with principle benefits both self and others. One practice encompasses all practices, and so its virtue matches the boundless wisdom and "embraces all and radiates greatness." The "mare" and "traversing the earth" are both gentle and strong—samādhi follows wisdom in its movement, which is why it is the Buddha's samādhi. The five perfections are like the blind, while prajñā is like the guide. If one prioritizes meritorious conduct, the Buddha's vision has not yet opened, and one risks falling into side paths and detours, losing the Way. Only by using wisdom to guide practice, and letting practice follow wisdom, does wisdom remain constant and practice remain constant as well. Thus, "gaining companions in the southwest" merely means traveling alongside those of the same kind; only by "losing companions in the northeast" does one see the Buddha-nature in every single practice, making each practice itself the Dharma-realm, with nothing outside it—then "there is finally cause for celebration." Therefore, "the good fortune of steadfast tranquility" is the balance of calm and insight, which alone can respond to the boundlessness of the Tathāgatagarbha nature.
〈象〉曰：地勢坤，君子以厚德載物。
性德本厚，所以地勢亦厚，今法地勢以厚積其德，荷載群品，正以修合性之真學也。
初六：履霜，堅冰至。〈象〉曰：履霜堅冰，陰始凝也；馴致其道，至堅冰也。
此爻其靜為「垢」，其變為「復」。「垢」則必至于「坤」，「復」則必至于「乾」，皆所謂「馴致其道」者也。
問曰：「乾坤之初爻等耳！乾胡誡以『勿用』，坤胡決其『必至』乎？」
答曰：「陽性動，妄動恐其洩也，故誡之；陰性靜，安靜則有成也，故決之。積善積惡，皆如『履霜』；餘慶餘殃，皆如『堅冰』。陽亦有剛善剛惡；陰亦有柔善柔惡，不當偏作陰柔邪惡釋之。」《說統》云：「善乾惡坤，此晉魏大謬處。」《九家易》曰：「霜者，乾之命；堅冰者，陰功成也。」京氏曰：「陰雖柔順，氣則堅剛，為無邪氣也。陰中有陽，氣積萬象。」孫聞斯曰：「隤霜不殺菽，冬無冰，春秋皆為記異。」然時霜而霜、時冰而冰，正令正道。以堅冰為至，而至之自初也，如是謂凝謂順。冰畢竟是陰之所結，然惟陽伏于內，故陰氣外沍而為冰。聖人於「乾」曰「為冰」，明是此處註腳。「馴致」二字，正表「坤」德之順處。腳跟無霜，不秋而凋，面孔無血，見敵輒走。若約佛法釋者，「乾」之六爻，兼性修而言之；「坤」之六爻，皆約修德定行而言。初、上二爻，表世間味禪之始終；中間四爻，表禪波羅蜜具四種也：二即世間淨禪而達實相、三即亦世間亦出世禪、四即出世間禪、五即非世間非出世禪。又借「乾」爻對釋：初九有慧無定，故「勿用」，欲以養成其定；初六以定含慧，故如「履霜」，若馴致之，則為「堅冰」之乾德。九二中道妙慧，故「利見大人」；六二中道妙定，故「無不利」。九三慧過于定，故「惕厲」而「無咎」；六三定有其慧，故「含章」而「可貞」。九四慧與定俱，故「或躍」而可進；六四定過于慧，故「括囊」而「無譽」。九五大慧中正，故「在天」而「利見」；六五大定即慧，故「黃裳」而「元吉」。「亢」以慧有定而知悔；「戰」則定無慧而道窮也。又約「乾」為正行、「坤」為助行者，「坤」之六爻即表六度：布施如「履霜」，馴之可「致堅冰」。冰者，「乾」德之象，故云乾為冰也。持戒則「直、方、大」，攝律儀故「直」、攝善法故「方」、攝眾生故「大」。忍辱為「含章」，力中最故；精進如「括囊」，于法無遺失故；禪定如「黃裳」，中道妙定遍法界故；智慧如「龍戰」，破煩惱賊故。
六二：直、方、大，不習，無不利。〈象〉曰：六二之動，直以方也。不習，無不利，地道光也。
純柔中正，順之至也。順理故「直」，依理而動故「方」，既「直」且「方」則必「大」矣。此地道本具之德，非關習也。佛法釋者，世間淨禪即是實相，故「直、方、大」。正念真如為「直」，定之體也；善法無缺為「方」，定之相也；功德廣博為「大」，定之用也。世間淨禪法爾本具實相三德，能于根本禪中通達實相，故「不習」而「無不利」也。向淨禪中覷實相理，名之為「動」。動則三德之理現前，于禪開秘密藏，故「地道光」。
六三：含章可貞。或從王事，無成有終。〈象〉曰：含章可貞，以時發也；或從王事，知光大也。
蘇眉山曰：「三有陽德，苟用其陽，則非所以為『坤』也，故有章而含之，有章則可以為正矣！然以其可正，而遂專之，亦非所以為『坤』也。故從事而不造事，無成而代有終。」佛法釋者，亦世間亦出世禪，亦愛亦策，故「含章」而「可貞」。或從一乘無上王三昧事，則借此可發出世上上妙智而有終，不復成次第禪矣。
六四：括囊，無咎無譽。〈象〉曰：括囊無咎，慎不害也。
得陰之正，而處于上卦之下，位高任重，故「括囊」以自慎焉。吳幼清曰：「坤體虛而容物，囊之象也。四變為奇，塞壓其上，猶括結囊之上口，人之謹閉其口而不言，亦猶是也。」蘇眉山曰：「咎與譽，人之所不能免也。出乎咎，必入乎譽；脫乎譽，必罹乎咎。咎所以致罪，而譽所以致疑也。甚矣！無譽之難也。」佛法釋者，出世間禪切忌取證，取證則墮聲聞、辟支佛地，雖無生死之咎，亦無利他之譽矣。若能慎其誓願，不取小證，則不為大乘之害也。
六五：黃裳，元吉。〈象〉曰：黃裳元吉，文在中也。
「黃」者，中色，君之德也；「裳」者，下飾，臣之職也。三分天下有其二，以服事殷，斯之謂乎！佛法釋者，非世間非出世禪，禪即中道實相，故「黃」；不起滅定，現諸威儀，同流九界，故如「裳」；此真無上菩提法門，故「元吉」。定慧莊嚴，名之曰「文」；全修在性，名「文在中」。
上六：龍戰于野，其血玄黃。〈象〉曰：龍戰于野，其道窮也。
其靜為「夬」，其變為「剝」，皆有戰之義焉。善極則斷惡必盡，惡極則斷善必盡，故窮則必戰，戰則必有一傷也。陳旻昭曰：「此天地既已定位，而震龍欲出，故『戰于野』也。」「震」為龍，為玄黃，氣已盛，故為「血」，窮乎上者必反下，故為「屯」卦之初爻。夫「乾」「坤」立而有君，故次之以「屯」；有君則有師，故次之以「蒙」。「屯」明君道，「蒙」明師道，「乾」「坤」即天地父母。合而言之，天、地、君、親、師也。佛法釋者，「無想天」，灰凝五百劫而墮落；「非非想天」，八萬大劫而還作飛狸牛蟲；乃至「四禪」，無聞比丘墮阿鼻獄，皆偏用定，而不知以慧濟之，故至于如此之窮。
用六：利永貞。〈象〉曰：用六永貞，以大終也。
此總明百九十二陰爻所以用六而不用八之旨也。八為少陰，靜而不變；六為老陰，動而變陽。今筮得「坤」卦，六爻皆六，則變為「乾」卦，不惟順承乎天，亦且為天行之健矣。佛法釋者，用八如不發慧之定，用六如發慧之定。發慧之定，一切皆應久修習之。禪波羅蜜至佛方究竟滿，故曰「大終」。
〈文言〉曰：坤，至柔而動也剛、至靜而德方，後得主而有常，含萬物而化光。坤道其順乎承天而時行。
此仍以地道申贊「坤」之德也。贊「乾」則自元而亨而利而貞；贊「坤」則自貞而利而亨而元。「乾」之始必徹終；而「坤」之終必徹始也。文並可知。佛法釋者，即是直贊禪波羅蜜，以其住寂滅地，故「至柔」「至靜」；以其能起神通變化，普應群機，感而遂通，故「動剛」「德方」；由般若為導而成，故「後得主而有常」。所謂般若常故禪亦常也。于禪中具足萬行，一一妙行與智相應，導利含識，故「含萬物而化光」。非智不禪，故「坤道為順」；非禪不智，故「承天時行」也。
積善之家，必有餘慶；積不善之家，必有餘殃。臣弒其君，子弒其父，非一朝一夕之故，其所由來者漸矣！由辯之不早辯也。《易》曰：「履霜，堅冰至」，蓋言順也。
「順」，即馴致其道之謂。洪化昭曰：「臣而順，必不弒君；子而順，必不弒父。此正所謂『辯之于早』者，不作『慎』字解。」陳非白問曰：「何故積善餘慶，積惡餘殃，不發明于乾之初爻，而明于坤之初爻耶？」答曰：「乾是智巧，坤是聖力。非智巧則不能知善知惡、非聖力則不能積善積惡，故曰：乾知大始，坤作成物。」佛法釋者，十善為善、十惡為不善，無漏為善、有漏為不善，利他為善、自利為不善，中道為善、二邊為不善，圓中為善、但中為不善。善即君父之義，不善即臣子之義。以善統御不善，則不善即善之臣子；以不善妨礙于善，則善遂為不善所障，如君父之被弒矣！所以千里之行始于一步，必宜「辯之于早」也。
直，其正也；方，其義也。君子敬以直內、義以方外，敬義立而德不孤。直、方、大，不習，無不利，則不疑其所行也。
惟正故「直」，惟義故「方」。直、方皆本具之德。而「敬」之一字，乃君子修道之要術也。敬即至順，順則必直且方而德不孤，可謂「大」矣。佛法釋者，正念真如，是定之內體；具一切義，而無減缺，是定之外相。既具內體外相，則必大用現前而德不孤，所以于禪開秘密藏，了了見于佛性而無疑也。
陰雖有美，含之以從王事，弗敢成也。地道也，妻道也，臣道也，地道無成而代有終也。
文義可知。佛法釋者，亦世間亦出世禪，雖即具足實相之美，但含而未發，以此為王三昧之助，弗宜偏修以至成也。蓋禪定隨智慧行，如地承天、如妻隨夫、如臣輔君。然智慧不得禪定，則不能終其自利利他之事，故禪定能「代有終」也。
天地變化，草木蕃；天地閉，賢人隱。《易》曰：「括囊，無咎無譽」，蓋言謹也。
能謹則可以成變化，變化則草木亦蕃；不謹則天地必閉，閉則雖賢人亦隱矣！安得不括囊哉？佛法釋者，定慧變化，則三草二木各得潤澤生長。若入于出世果證，則灰身泯智而無利生之事矣！故修此法門者不可以不謹也。
君子黃中通理，正位居體，美在其中，而暢于四支，發于事業，美之至也。
黃是中色，即表中德。德雖在中，而通乎腠理，故雖屬正位，仍居四體，此釋「黃裳」義也。「美在其中」等，重牒上義以釋「元吉」之義。佛法釋者，以黃中三昧，而通達實相之理，實相雖名正位，遍入一切諸法而居眾體。蓋惟深證非世間非出世上上之禪，故能「暢于四支，發于事業」，而三輪不思議化，普利法界，乃為「美之至」也。
陰疑于陽必戰，為其嫌于無陽也，故稱龍焉；猶未離其類也，故稱血焉。夫玄黃者，天地之雜也。天玄而地黃。
夫陰陽皆本于太極，則本一體何至相疑而戰哉？陽者見之謂之陽，不知與陰同體，故「疑陰而必戰」；陰者見之謂之陰，不知與陽同體，故亦疑陽而必戰。方陰之盛而戰陽，則有似乎無陽，故稱「龍」，以明陽本未嘗無焉；逮陰之動而變陽，則似離乎陰類，故稱「血」，以明陰仍未離類焉。夫惟動而將變，故玄黃相雜耳！變定之後，天玄地黃，豈可雜哉？《子韶．風草頌》云：「君子何嘗去小人？小人如草去還生；但令鼓舞心歸化，不必區區務力爭。」得此旨者，可以立消朋黨之禍。不然，君子疑嫌小人，小人亦疑嫌君子，不至于兩敗俱傷者幾希矣。佛法釋者，始則誤認四禪為四果，及至後陰相現，則反疑四果不受後有之說為虛，而起謗佛之心，是「必戰」也。然世間豈無真證四果智德者耶？故稱「龍」，以顯四果之非虛焉！彼雖自謂四果，止是暗證味禪，實未離于生死之類，故稱「血」，以定其類焉！夫玄黃者，定慧俱傷之象也。以定傷慧，慧傷而定亦傷，然此但約修德，故言傷耳！若本有寂照之性，則玄自玄、黃自黃，雖闡提亦不能斷性善，雖昏迷倒惑其理常存，豈可得而雜哉？又觀心釋者，陰陽各論善惡，今且以陰為惡、以陽為善，善惡無性，同一如來藏性，何疑何戰？惟不達性善性惡者，則有無相傾，起輪迴見而必戰，戰則埋沒無性之妙性，似乎無陽，故稱「龍」，以顯性善之不斷焉；既以善惡相抗則二俱有漏，故稱「血」，以顯未離生死類焉。夫善惡相傾奪者，由未達妙性體一，而徒見幻妄事相之相雜也。實則天玄地黃，性不可改，何嫌、何疑？何法可相戰耶？善惡不同而同是一性，如玄黃不同，而同是眼識相分；天地不同而同一太極；又如妍媸影像不同，而同在一鏡也。若知不同而同，則決不敵對相除而成戰；若知同而不同，則決應熏習無漏善種以轉惡矣。
周易禪解卷第一
祖堂修如捐貲刻