---
title: "摩訶婆羅多的故事 · 62.黑天的教導"
description: "摩诃婆罗多的故事由拉贾戈帕拉查理改写，唐季雍翻译，金克木校订。这部作品源于古印度史诗摩诃婆罗多，成书于公元前数世纪，背景为列国纷争的印度社会，核心叙述俱卢族与般度族为争夺王位爆发的战争，穿插大量哲学与神话。主要内容围绕正法、责任与解脱展开，以黑天教导阿周那的薄伽梵歌为核心，强调行动瑜伽与精神觉悟。在佛教中，它虽属印度教经典，但共享轮回、业报等概念，常被比较引用，作为理解古印度思想的重要参照，影响深远。"
url: "https://rushiwowen.co/en/r/cmgviwqis001xju04zoh6cy56"
---

### 62.黑天的教導

諸事齊備，快開戰了。雙方戰士聚集在一起莊嚴地宣誓，要尊重作戰的傳統規則。作戰的行為準則和作戰方法各時代是不相同的。只有心中記着「摩訶婆羅多」大戰時代的習俗，我們才能了解這篇史詩；否則，這故事有好些地方是很難理解的。

從下面的敘述中，讀者可以略知俱盧戰場上作戰準則的一個大概。每天，夕陽西下後，戰事就停止了，雙方可以像朋友一樣自由地混雜在一起。雙方力量相稱才允許單獨對打，而且不准用違反正法的方法攻擊對方。例如，不准打擊離開戰場的或退却了的敵人。馬上的人只能攻打馬上的人，不能去跟步行的人交戰。同樣，戰車隊、象隊和步兵只能跟敵方同樣種類同等數目的戰鬥力量作戰。對於求饒性命的人和投降的人是不許殺害的。當時未參與戰鬥的人不能對正在跟別人交戰的敵人進行攻擊。

> From the following account, readers can gain a general understanding of the rules of engagement on the battlefield of Kuru. Each day, when the sun set in the west, the fighting would cease, and both sides could freely mingle as friends. Single combat was only permitted between opponents of equal strength, and attacks that violated the principles of righteousness were forbidden. For example, it was not allowed to strike an enemy who had left the battlefield or retreated. A warrior on horseback could only engage another on horseback, and could not attack an opponent on foot. Similarly, chariot units, elephant units, and infantry could only fight against enemy forces of the same type and equal number. Those who begged for mercy or surrendered were not to be killed. Those not currently engaged in combat were forbidden from attacking an enemy who was already fighting someone else.

去殺害解除了武裝的人，或注意着別處而心不在焉的人，或正在退却的人，或失去了盔甲的人，都是不允許的。還不許射擊非戰鬥人員，例如侍從或吹號擊鼓的人。

這些是俱盧族和般度族雙方嚴肅地宣稱要遵守的規則。

毗濕摩對着他指揮下的王子們說：「英雄們，你們現在有了一個光榮的時機。在你們面前，天堂之門敞開着。跟因陀羅和大梵天住在一起的快樂在等待着你們。遵守武士的正法，追隨你們祖先的道路吧。歡歡喜喜地作戰，贏得名譽和功勳吧。一個剎帝利是願意戰死在疆場而不希望在床上病死或老死的。」王子們於是命令號兵吹奏號角同時高呼勝利歸於俱盧族作為響應。

> Bhishma addressed the princes under his command: "Heroes, you now have a glorious opportunity. Before you, the gates of heaven stand wide open. The bliss of dwelling with Indra and Brahma awaits you. Uphold the dharma of the warrior, follow the path of your ancestors. Fight with joy, win fame and merit. A Kshatriya would rather die on the battlefield than perish from illness or old age in bed." The princes then ordered the trumpeters to sound their horns and shouted in response, "Victory to the Kauravas!"

毗濕摩的旗幟上閃爍着五顆星星和一枝棕櫚樹。馬勇的旗幟上甩動着獅子尾巴。德羅納的金色軍旗上，一個修行人的鉢盂和一張弓在閃閃發光。難敵的著名的大纛旗上眼鏡蛇昂起了頭得意地舞蹈。慈憫的旗子上畫着一頭大白牛。勝車的旗上是一隻野豬。還有其他許多類似的旗子飄揚着。於是戰場成了五光十色的軍旗展覽會。

> On Bhishma's banner, five stars and a palm tree shimmered. On Ashwatthama's, a lion's tail swished. Drona's golden standard gleamed with an ascetic's bowl and a bow. Duryodhana's famous great banner featured a cobra raising its head and dancing in triumph. Shalya's flag bore the image of a great white bull. Shalva's displayed a wild boar. Many other similar banners fluttered as well. Thus, the battlefield became a dazzling exhibition of colorful military flags.

看到俱盧族大軍已佈好陣勢，堅戰王命令阿周那道：

> Seeing the Kaurava army fully arrayed, King Yudhishthira commanded Arjuna:

「敵軍龐大，我軍比較薄弱，因此，我們的戰略必須是集中。展開陣勢會削弱自己的力量。把我們的部隊排列成針形陣吧。」

> "The enemy forces are vast, while our own are relatively weak. Therefore, our strategy must be one of concentration. Spreading out our formation will only weaken our strength. Let us arrange our troops in a needle-shaped formation."

阿周那看到雙方排好陣勢準備互相殘殺，極為激動。黑天便跟他談論，以平靜他的心情，除去他的疑慮。黑天在這個緊要關頭對阿周那所說的話，稱為「薄伽梵歌」。這首「薄伽梵歌」後來被千千萬萬人當作天神的教導，受到他們的衷心尊敬，並且被認為人類文學中最珍貴的寶物之一。

> Arjuna saw both armies arrayed for battle, ready to slay one another, and was deeply agitated. Krishna then spoke to him to calm his mind and dispel his doubts. The words spoken by Krishna to Arjuna at this critical moment are called the "Bhagavad Gita." This "Bhagavad Gita" has since been regarded by countless people as divine teaching, held in heartfelt reverence, and considered one of the most precious treasures in human literature.