阿毘曇甘露味論卷上
尊者瞿沙造
曹魏代譯失三藏名
"Lost Name of the Tripitaka Master, Translated During the Wei Dynasty"
布施持戒品第一
云何布施？自持財物施與。為三種故：自為身故、為他人故、為彼我故。供養塔寺、佛、辟支佛、阿羅漢，自為身故；施與眾生，為他人故；布施與人，為彼我故。思、田、物好，得好報。云何思好？信淨與供養。云何田好？有三種田：有大德、有貧苦、有大德貧苦。云何大德？佛、菩薩、辟支佛、阿羅漢、阿那含、斯陀含、須陀洹。云何貧苦？畜生、老病聾盲瘖瘂，如是種種貧苦。云何大德貧苦？有佛、菩薩、辟支佛、阿羅漢、阿那含、斯陀含、須陀洹，老病聾盲瘖瘂貧苦。大德田者，恭敬心得大報。貧苦田者，憐愍心得大報。大德貧苦田者，恭敬憐愍心得大報。是為福田好。云何物好？不殺他、不偷不奪、不繫不鞭、不欺不誑，淨物隨多少隨時布施，是為物好。信云何？知後世果，若涅槃一心不動，是謂信。淨云何？自除慳貪、恭敬於人，是謂淨。供養云何？奉迎禮拜、自手施與等，是謂供養。云何田異？行善、持戒、禪定、智慧、解脫、得果等功德，若有是，是謂田異。救濟危厄異、因緣得異，苦有無苦，發心供給得妙果報。布施佛，即時一切得福。布施眾僧，若受用得一切福；未受用不得一切福。供養法故得大報。若學人聰明大智慧，以法故供養，是謂供養法。布施得富，受施竟得樂力壽等功德，除結勝，得大果報。若施畜生受百世報，若施不善人受千世報，若施善人受千萬世報，若施離欲凡夫受千萬億世報，若施得道人得無數世報，若施佛至涅槃受報。布施有六難：一者憍慢施；二者求名施；三者為力施；四者強與施；五者因緣施；六者求報施，眾僧中分別施，是謂布施六難。
What is giving? It means offering one’s own possessions to others. This is done for three reasons: for one’s own sake, for the sake of others, and for the sake of both oneself and others. Making offerings to stupas, temples, the Buddha, pratyekabuddhas, and arhats is for one’s own sake; giving to living beings is for the sake of others; giving to people is for the sake of both oneself and others.
When the intention, the field, and the gift are all good, the reward will be good. What is a good intention? It is faith, purity, and reverence. What is a good field? There are three kinds of fields: the greatly virtuous, the poor and suffering, and those who are both greatly virtuous and poor. Who are the greatly virtuous? The Buddha, bodhisattvas, pratyekabuddhas, arhats, anāgāmins, sakṛdāgāmins, and srotāpannas. Who are the poor and suffering? Animals, the aged, the sick, the deaf, the blind, the mute—all such kinds of impoverished beings. Who are both greatly virtuous and poor? Those who are the Buddha, bodhisattvas, pratyekabuddhas, arhats, anāgāmins, sakṛdāgāmins, or srotāpannas, yet are aged, sick, deaf, blind, mute, and poor. For a field of great virtue, offering with a reverent mind brings great reward. For a field of poverty and suffering, offering with a compassionate mind brings great reward. For a field of both, offering with both reverence and compassion brings great reward. This is what makes a field of merit good.
What is a good gift? It is not killing, not stealing, not robbing, not binding, not beating, not deceiving, not cheating. Offering pure things, however much or little, at whatever time, is a good gift.
What is faith? Knowing the fruits of future lives, and if it is Nirvana, the mind remains unwavering—this is called faith. What is purity? Removing one’s own stinginess and greed, and respecting others—this is called purity. What is reverence? Going out to welcome, bowing, offering with one’s own hands—this is called reverence.
What makes a field different? The merits of practicing good deeds, moral discipline, meditation, wisdom, liberation, and attaining fruits—if such qualities are present, this is what makes a field different. Rescuing those in danger or distress is different, and the circumstances of karmic conditions are different. Whether suffering or free from suffering, giving rise to the mind to offer brings excellent rewards.
Offering to the Buddha brings merit immediately and universally. Offering to the monastic community, if offerings are received and used, brings all merit; if not yet received and used, it does not bring all merit. Offering to the Dharma brings great reward. If a learned person, intelligent and greatly wise, makes offerings for the sake of the Dharma, this is called offering to the Dharma.
Giving brings wealth; after receiving the gift, the recipient obtains happiness, strength, longevity, and other merits, overcomes mental defilements, and gains great rewards. If one gives to an animal, one receives reward for a hundred lifetimes. If one gives to an unwholesome person, one receives reward for a thousand lifetimes. If one gives to a virtuous person, one receives reward for ten thousand lifetimes. If one gives to an ordinary person free from desire, one receives reward for a hundred million lifetimes. If one gives to one who has attained the path, one receives reward for countless lifetimes. If one gives to the Buddha, one receives reward until Nirvana.
There are six difficulties in giving: first, giving with arrogance; second, giving for fame; third, giving for power; fourth, giving under compulsion; fifth, giving based on circumstances; sixth, giving for the sake of reward, discriminating in giving to the monastic community. These are the six difficulties of giving.
云何持戒？有二種律儀：不善、善律儀。云何不善？殺生、偷盜、婬妷，是謂身三惡律儀。兩舌、惡口、妄言、綺語，是謂口四惡律儀。貪、恚、惡邪，是謂意三惡律儀。云何殺生？有他生，知是生，故奪命，如是殺生。有他受物，知是他受物，故盜心偷奪，如是盜。有婦女，他所有，知他婦女，故欲共婬，若道非道中；自有婦犯非道，如是婬妷。若知言不知、不知言知，若疑言不疑、不疑言疑，如是妄語。若有實，欲別離故異說，是謂兩舌。染污心，他人不愛言，如是惡口。不知時、無義言，如是綺語。財物他有，貪愛應我有，如是貪。見彼不喜、欲令苦痛，如是恚。惡邪有二種：實有物而言無、顛倒見聞。云何實有物而言無？無罪無福報、無今世後世、無父母、無佛辟支佛阿羅漢餘得道等，如是實有而言無。云何顛倒見聞？善惡天作非行報果，如是惡邪。是謂三種不善業。悔是三事，除却不作，是謂三種善業。常遠三種惡、行三種善，是謂持戒堅固。布施、持戒、禪定思惟，必得三果：得財富、得生天、得解脫。世三十種福田。父母、老病、善人、離欲凡夫、有漏七人、四道向、四道果、從滅禪入起、辟支佛、菩薩、佛、比丘僧、有去來人飢渴。