十地論義疏卷第一
Volume 1: Commentary on the Ten Stages Sutra
剛結堅義如金剛□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□便能生道行者能利他行不能者無能勝奪也。三昧分者。佛性門中入寂分凡有二義。一表十地理深非證不說。二欲受加。是故入三昧也 問曰。大士靜亂平等。何當不定而始云者 答曰。蓋隨化□□□□又解□寂圓道備通萬行無障無礙。以之為乘證無出入顯在外用。攝用在心故名入也。光明者。如來光同處不相障礙故。論云光明者。顯照一切餘法門故。非思量境者。明十地真法體非分別妙絕名相。故法華經云。是法不可示。言辭相寂滅。諸餘眾生類無有能得解。加分以下佛性門中果嚴因分 問曰。上入三昧在於定中。今此加分中。諸佛開基淨願九入十始終廣明地體圓極備統萬行。敬為誰說也 答曰。正為金剛藏說。以金剛藏入法性三昧與諸佛體同故。諸佛在定中為說十地法用辨十地自體無障無礙。加以三業定中具作法用既竟。金剛藏然後出定依向諸佛所教為大眾具辨十地行相差別。故有定中說 問曰。若爾何故下論云定無言說 答曰。云無言說者。乃可無六識分別言說。非無證說。故經云。無說是名貞說也。加者。向入三昧顯已契證。是能說之人。諸佛同加勸令其說。故云加分。夫凡解加有二種。若如來住持力加。須菩提說大品令草木能說章句。皆是住持力加。今不論此加。亦不論加其進行。今直取加其教智說同佛說問曰。金剛藏是十地大士。體證相應勘能自說。何假佛加 答曰。實自能說。但大人在坐迭相映奪說則成礙。要假佛加說同佛說。故下論云。同化辨才也。就文中有三分。初直明本願力故加。第二何故加已下為說十地故加。第三明諸佛與力之相。就初經文中有三分。第一至同名金剛藏明出經者意。是諸佛已下明諸佛讚勸。第三是盧舍那佛已下明諸佛助加之義 問曰。佛具一切智。一佛便足。何故多佛加者 答曰。顯諸佛道同。德無彼此。同契不二。顯法為重。及法師者。以加力故說同佛說。法在於人。人法俱重也問曰。上知多佛之德。何故同一名號也 答曰。願者是本行之秤。金剛是真理行之名。本在因時同行金剛理行今成正覺。還以此正法同號其人。故言本願也 問曰。若以理行同故名號同者。何故盧舍那佛而名獨異答曰。盧舍那佛名滿淨如來。是自體異用報果圓寂故不與因同名。十方諸佛是自體方便相在對因故與菩薩同名也 問曰。萬行非一。何故唯金剛為行也 答曰。金剛是真理行萬用之體多所行。故論云示多佛也。三昧法體者是十地。證智皆名金剛者。十方諸佛及盧舍那佛。昔在因地同行金剛行也。同說者皆顯十地也。既契窮本際得即不二。本今齊等故言不異名加也。又者更有義增踊悅者。為辨菩薩與佛所得道同。但增微為異。如來圓證。菩薩分證。慶已必圓故生踊悅也。方便顯多佛者。一言兩顯是集法者巧故言方便。為說十地者。寄圓數表圓道也。先作是願者。是盧舍那開基行願。今自加者。非但自立。亦兼一切。故今成正覺。先加金剛藏命其入定也。後餘佛加者。諸佛道同化儀處一必須嚮助也。盧舍那本願者。前承盧舍那加所以入定。後諸佛加令其起先說。先說之來元由盧舍那為成其人法席建立也。何故加者是問。第二明所為說者是答。生下二十句。復云何加生下第三經文。二十句備如論分。初十句明入。入據其解。後十始終明行。自行義劣但彰名名入。利他行勝故辨始終之稱。住信行地者。常徒解信正在習種。性種彰行。道種彰發趣。今明信行。始從習種終訖解行皆為信地。初地已上名證地也。是出世間道品者。是十地法正是佛法故。故指道品為為佛法 問曰。今為說十地法所以舉佛法者 答曰。菩薩地法正以佛法為體故也。見智者是教道。得證者是證道。教有始末。證有初後。始相應名見。淳熟名智。始契名得。終圓名證。以成明也。信樂得證者。此辨入方便因果。通舉前智據先成就處語。今言信樂。始解會時為言解行。終心修覺相入證方便以為信樂。始契初地相應以為得證。以成入義 問曰。道體平等妙絕名相。非得非證。云何言得證 答曰。若言無名相不可得證者。蓋非分別之心取相能會。但聖人所證理絕形名無為所不為。是以無言之法寄言說言。無聽之旨藉說以悟。故論云。何故不但說無言示現依言求解故。智慧地者。本分中六種決定正明實慧體也。根本入者。一而備萬以之為本。修多羅中者。本初句與九句為本。又為辨此中開合。九入都就教中證也。依根本入者。九入皆分別。向一句皆是所入。智地差別故悉名為入 問曰。向智地一句乃是十地智。九入中始明聞慧。終明佛盡。何得為本也 答曰。智地一行具一切行。今始從聞攝終至盡者。就其眾意之相故寄優劣階降而言。此非根本入中有此優劣。亦非雖根本外有此差別。何故然者。大乘義融一而備眾。眾而是一。淺而備深。深而備淺。故但舉初地則徹佛地。理無不盡。其用亦備。此是初地之佛地。非是佛地之佛地。若舉佛地亦備初地。此是佛地之初地。非初地之初地。華嚴經云。住於一地普攝諸地功德。故智理行但融。九入中初四句明地前行相。中間四入明地上行。第九明佛果行。攝一切者。習種性是一切佛法種子根本建立也。道品者。初地已上方便者性種行也。法相入者。道種性修慧義。二義中知故云彼彼。善知二諦境界故云種種。三慧既成勘能化物故云教化。義者是理。名字是教。善知理教故云具足。應機授藥故云善說。世間行滿。次明入證。初地始心與理相應名證。證有二種。一緣證。二體證。修道剋證理唯自覺故云緣證。一切眾生皆以法界為體。煩惱覆故隱而不現。了因除彰自體顯用如如平等故曰體證。初地始心以為見道。後安住以為修道。教化者對料簡。第四句舉利他以成自利也。修道有行對治成就故云不放逸也。離煩惱染者。前見道除煩惱障。後修道應除智障。而言煩惱者。舉煩惱盡以除智障。二地至七地為修道也。地地轉入者。八地九地也。出過功用故云出世間。前修道之位修行義彰得遠離之名。今八地無功用道當體無貪性善根淨也。復有善根能為因者。料簡善差別。世間善能生出世間善根。此異體相生。七地已還善根生八地已上出世道品。同體相生故云因也。菩薩盡者。十地大士因道究竟更無有餘非滅盡也。佛果功德名為祕密。菩薩分證故云入。佛盡者果道窮圓也。一切智者。諸佛一切智。契會相應名入。為校量非根本入者。理而言之。智慧地體一而備萬。所以始從聞攝終至佛盡者。為辨行相差別寄優劣而彰。非根本入中有此優劣之根也。一切十句中皆有六種者。此通釋十地一部中皆有六種總別義也。言說應知者。為教化故作此優劣之說。真實之相不可依言而取故云應知。又解。一即一切。淺深平等六無六相也。謂陰入者。陰是五陰。入是十二入。界是十八界。事別不融故須除也。六種正見者。一行為總。眾行為別。總別俱融為同。總別差殊為異相。證相順為成。相違相背為壞。是總本入者。智慧地體也。別者九入也。依止本者。非本末則不立。非末本則不滿。故云滿也。九皆是入曰同。九入階降名增。舉一眾無不統為略。歷別而彰為廣。如世界成壞者。借喻以況。成時微塵不增。壞時微塵不減。圓極常爾義無障礙故為況也。得十地始終者。問曰。何故名始終。答曰。創入相應名始。後剋成滿名之為終。信欲等者。信是解之始。欲是行之始。親近是道之始。此三位在解行中。解滿名念。行滿名持。道滿名地。滿有十階故言諸地。復有阿含及證者。阿含者就教道以論始終。證者就證道以明始終。如是次第者。論位及教以說此次第。依初相者。位始終也。位中既成證教可知故言應知。攝始終。前九入中語其自行位劣以聞慧為初。此論始終據外化。其行是勝以思慧為初。受持說者。地持八句縱雖不思處說有所捨。是隨所聞義。依義不依味。闇說明說。名受持也。修慧中有二句。欲之與行。地持中有四句。前二心觀別修行未善成故不取。但取正觀合修二句。始相應名欲。行之淳熟名行。修相方便解心造境以為觀分別。道品初地得解在心與真境相應體未即是名修覺。初地始心為見道。法體自然為法無我。見道據位無我據行。善相應成以為方便。體非分別離諸妄相。以之為擇。非擇去之擇故言勝也。大智慧者。應言大乘。若釋名辨義。觀照為慧。運通為乘。今據法辨義。一切行俱融以為智慧。無障無礙以為大乘。非二乘境界故云過小乘也。對治無明者。寄對治以顯。明非體對治也。此事中者。結法無我智。彼時中者。結見道時。皆善知者。結方便也。修道始終者。出世間智力是初地智。智有姿成二地義。以牒前起後。以明修道之解依前而生也。法義者。二地已上修道行地。此處菩薩五種障者。據位而言。此二地已上也。就行實而言。正是初地。但論主解義多途。或順釋或返釋或顯發釋。今論主將明此處菩薩有五種對治行。故舉五障來顯 答曰。今言有者。是其細障。但無麁障故言寄障顯也。就五障中。初一句於法義二辨中障。即二地邪行於眾生障也。第二句於辭樂說二辨中障。即三地闇相於聞思也。第三發心狹劣障。四地至七地住寂心也。第四不懃化物障。即九地不能善利益眾生也。第五無不能破邪者。不善為客。既不能破邪。己義不立。故言善巧障。即十地於諸法中不能自在障也。壞也。人無探承故離散也。不能答難者。上明不善為客。此不善為主。顯不能立正也。雖能破邪立正。若樂著小乘亦是其障。雖求菩提。而化物懈怠亦是其障。雖有心化物。而無方便亦爾障也。各有二過。闕無自行外化。其義可知。對治有五者。對以顯行。隨彼所著者。外人邪執處也。顯己義者。菩薩內具明解。善識邪正。能破邪執。故云對治。正義既興。學徒還集。幡上離散。即攝眾生戒也。能答難者。既隨問能答。得通大法。是無礙義。正義既通。出言人信。幡上人不信受。即三地禪智也樂著小乘對治者。樂小則捨大。願大則棄小今願大。捨小即為二得也。大菩提願者自體行念者方便行。不忘者堅固義。即四地至八地道品菩提分也。利益眾生者。即九地四十辨才也。通達分別即地智神通等也。加之所為如上所釋故。言已說何故加 問曰。加須有法。復云何加答曰。諸佛與力乃有無量不出三業。謂口意身。口加益辨。意加增智。身加形安。口加勸說雖益辨才。若智慧不達根性則辨無所寄。故次明意加與其智力。既具辨才智慧勘處眾施化。在定無言。故次明身加摩頂令超。據相三別論理處通。云何口加者。舉初章門。何者。是口加事汝當辨說。法門差別者。諸佛上說二十句是略明十地行。金剛藏為眾廣說也。得法義者。前二辨也。不妄說者。後二辨也。諸法門者。是十地法即上金剛藏所證法也。種種名相者。十地行相不同也。此法善巧成者。明教道萬用殊。能用不永寂故名方便也。此初句辨才與下十句為本。別依止本故云依根本。自分他分加者。明十地之法是不共法。唯佛能盡其宗。金剛藏但分得其旨。今加金剛藏教智同盡其宗。以為他分加。自分加者。於自分中若於己眾實德自在。但大人在坐情有悚怯說不盡趣。要待加被形安志泰方有所說也。二種辨才者。蒙佛加故己智增。智增由加所成。此他力義。自力者。今對佛宣辨雖自力勘能。要須待加故自力亦云加也。不闇加者。加必加於可加。加則己辨釋他力 問曰。此十地法是金剛藏已成自分。何得名為佛法 答曰。差別以人對法則十地法是菩薩法。若據法窮原則世間法亦是佛法。今說地之旨實。故須佛加自力中前二自行。後二利他。有作者。教道於緣中方便無礙也。證道本寂不從外來以為無作。化眾生者。始化相應 身淨者。化令淳熟身得淨果。三種盡者。更開章門。菩薩盡者。因道究竟。八地已上。同相障者。初地已上七地已來所有法界海會菩薩同名菩薩名為同相。正以多相故障於報身不顯無功用智。超功用智盡相融無礙成於報佛也 二乘不同盡者。初地至七地不同相障盡。言不同者。地前菩薩見聲聞相異菩薩相。見菩薩相異佛相。是名異相障。由此別相障故不能見應身佛。初地已上斷四住煩惱盡則不同障盡。佛盡者。果德圓備體障盡。障者窮實而言。一佛備一切。是合理之解。若一切備一。覆成其障。何者是也。稠眾果中多百多千。即是其事正以緣智在懷。一佛體上分別作無量佛解。以是故障法身不顯。故論云。金剛藏菩薩入體性三昧。十方世界有心有相皆入金剛藏身中。智見通如來。形充法界。周圍百萬億阿僧祇世界。即體障盡故云佛盡也。法身者法性身。心者第七心。意者第六意。識者五識識。故楞伽經云。心為採集主。意為廣採集。現識分別五。離此七種識轉為智。故云唯智依止。受佛位者方便行滿。智處生者報行滿。度五道於生死而不著。涅槃道淨者不住於涅槃。智滿足者是佛智。校量上上者釋轉勝義。後上勝前上也問曰。何故意加中明色身名身者 答曰。就身口顯得意力。無上勝身者。形懼則情悚。形安則志泰。故加無畏上身令其安志。辨才者。口辨諸法說無滯礙。前色身勝結上句。後名身勝生下辨才句。不著辨才者。具四辨才說無滯礙。勘辨才者。辨成就智勘有所說。緣者有為緣集無為緣集體也。既有其緣必有本實。故次辨法。法名自體真如。真如法性也。既有真實之理便有生死涅槃大用義興。以之為作。於向三無礙大智義成。成有三種。一理成。二智成。三說成。說上三法表理障顯名理成。智慧分別證會不差名智成。言不差理名說成。善達此四。為人宣說得生心解。名勘辨才。是為成義。不達上四名曰不成問曰。何者是成。何者不成 答曰。一彼現前得相。得證相應。現量智也。二彼依現前得相。唯已所得比度而知。比量智也。三自種比相。雖非現得要是可得之類。是信言量智。四成相。稱向三說成其詮相。五快淨語說相。尋此證詮相能生妙解。是為成五種淨相 七種七者。一彼異相似得相。四諦二諦理相大同故。曰相似得。二彼異不相似得相。若隨心行差別萬端。名不相似得。三一切相似得相。理相唯一也。四一切不相似得相。行相淺深大小非一也。五異生比相。於上四種法中顛倒異解取不得方也。六不成相。既正解說不成詮也。七不淨語說相。尋之者生人邪解長人煩惱也。前四不淨教緣。第五不淨教因。第六不淨教體。第七不淨教用。五種淨教中。前三淨教因。第四淨教體。第五淨教用。任放者。出言會理。文義具足。不差機會。名任放也。是不忘加者。上論直釋任放義。此釋得任放之由。由佛加也。能說辨才者。前眾生法說不悟。隨其性欲借事陳況開曉其懷。三種同相智者。一緣起。二妄相。三真如。緣起者第七阿梨耶識。是生死本也。妄想者六識心。妄生分別邪著六塵。真如者佛性真諦。第一義空也。此三解無別異名為同相。終日同處染淨常別名不雜。經論互舉 又解。同相者。謂三空智舉相論三。推理唯一為同。證空實覺曰智。曉在心府故曰現前。教出辨才者。以佛十力外化眾生令得出離也。上明十力。此明無畏。說時決定能摧邪顯正為無畏也。無量辨才者。今就大乘義中。但舉一字無法而不盡。正以善達六種正見故爾。六種正見者。法蠡圓音體是其融。一教一切教。一體一切體。教體既融。但舉一教無教不備而無理不統。體含備周無可缺然。以之為本。說本分疏有眾教之別。以之為末。雖復眾教差別教相處一。以之為同。對同眾別以之為異。理不自彰為教。所顯教成詮用以為成。對分自立互絕興舉迭無姿成以之為壞。此壞壞正是成壞。本末同異義亦如之。同化者得佛神化也。三種化者三輪教化也。如來加被莊嚴三業與眾獨絕名殊勝也。有力者融因之力。是行平等。慈悲是心平等也 問曰。如此平等應無所簡。何故唯加金剛藏而不加餘者 答曰。下論云金剛藏得大乘光明三昧者。是其法體自體因。因不異果。以果嚴因得力義顯。所以云加也。餘者不得故也 問曰。此會無量一生菩薩善行十地。何故云不得 答曰。以其非自體行故不得也 問曰。若爾金剛藏便是可壞。金剛藏非方便。則不具萬德 答曰。若體此宗時不應作是難。何以故。此宗中論行一行一切行。語人一人則一切人。是故餘菩薩有自體行正金剛是。金剛藏有方便行正餘菩薩是。本願現前者。行因既久。行立在今也。三昧攝功德因者。體備法界眷屬行也。八種行者。功德乃有無量。略辨八種以明自他行。因淨者。行性是因。非前因也。深心者。發心徹於後際。又十住毘婆沙論云。深有三種。一者能於佛果起心玄其處遠。二者於佛性理中生信。三者於受苦眾生深起大悲。故云深心也。地盡者。發心非於初地。乃盡十地取菩薩果。深心信樂等者深心義也 問曰。若初地是深心者。終至十地彌於深心。何故但言初地深也 答曰。正以深心名通故。以信樂來顯信在初。論云始者信欲等也。善法根本者。自體因德無不備。智淨者。前初地見道但論深心。此以上修道論智淨。行周法界亦趣佛果故云地盡。初地自體真照以為觀智。此真如觀者增三地也。圓滿者自體內明。普照者外朗周於法界。下喻況可知。身淨者四地。生生者五地六地。善行成滿七地。心調伏者八地。至十地無功用。行能斷習障故云行也。聞攝淨者。上明自利。下明利他。受持祕密具足聞持陀羅尼也。通淨者。神通無礙。身業益物也。以決定信者。此語應言以神通力令物決定信也。辨才淨者。此三昧能善同方音說無滯礙。是口業益物。善知教旨明閑取捨故言相違也。初章字者。根本圓音無礙教出生無量字句也。離慢淨者。意業教授令得真智也。真實智釋法界智印也。教授不異釋善印。印於眾生同已所得也。上明三昧具八種淨功德。此第二明三昧體能作八種因。自利因者并舉四句經文。下次第出四種因。精進因上初句深心。深心能與精進作因。不忘因第二句智圓滿。自證圓智與不忘作因。身轉淨故是勢力因。善斷煩惱習故是不染因。後四句經論一一相對明因。念持無量法與斷疑作因。以神通力故與敬重作因。得總持解故明閑取捨與轉法作因。假餘尊法誦持者。正明九十六種道中各有所重名尊。菩薩爾時形同外道。口說佛語。內行佛法也。自得真智勘能化物。與教授作因。如是化者。舉化他以成自行。摩頂覺者。上佛力故入定。今佛加故覺。即身加相。身有二種。一據自體行應言灌頂。二據方便行則言摩頂。此中欲令起說故。就方便行云摩頂也。示神通力者。自體不動無所不至。所現神力非世所能。名為奇異也。云何起分者。自下解性門中緣起分。上入三昧有其二意。一欲觀機審理。二欲招諸加助。今三昧訖者。觀察已周。得力者。得佛威力。說時至者。眾生根熟感道時至 問曰。說時既至。何不在定而說 答曰。定無言說故起也。云何本分者。自下正明佛性體。向出定欲說。直先略說以起請端。略為廣本故明本分。本有二種。一教本。二宗本。略辨地名與後廣說為本。是教本。六種決定苞含萬行以為宗本。故云本分 問曰。何故略說不待請。廣說待請也 答曰。為顯此法是無言之法。其唯自證非緣所得。而備因外彰所以自說。廣說所以待請者。為顯非唯一向自成。要藉修相方便得彼用也。為說不說者。若不自說。大眾不知金剛藏為受加說為不說也。又不知說何等法者。上諸佛雖勸汝當辨說。未知竟說何法。故略陳地名令大眾寄心有在也。願善決定如初地中說發菩提心即此本分願應知者。明願與發心左右為名。是故二處互舉結會不二也。真實智攝者。真如實智與理相應慧攝非緣智所攝。善決定者。既證初地出世真智明白之解凡地妄想疑倒一切永亡故。云即決定者。即十地體既是出世真證。若以世法來釋者則失正義。故直言即是也。此以入初地非信攝者。分其位相。今據初地已上辨其真道。地前是對治方便故名為信 問曰。依地持論云。地前亦有真行。何故但云信也 答曰。地前實有真行。隱而不彰。所以然者。為顯一修成故。取前為方便。當所辨者為正位。若論前雖有真行。無相發起義。據十地修入法用悉皆如此。若辨十地行。賢首為信地。若十行為信地。乃至辨佛地。十地已還皆以為信。故仁王經云。十地菩薩而無相信。滅一切煩惱。照第一義諦。不名為見。就六種決定中有三。前二句明決定行體。第三句明決定所證法。下三句明決定行用。觀相決定者。自有辨觀地前方便修相覺名觀。得證時名依止。此是前後觀依止自有理之外。用智為觀。即體真照以為依止。今都不取此為觀義。正取即理真照自體相應真如一味以為觀善也。體非分別不雜無明故言一味。真實決定者。自體真覺性離緣得也。體非分別離諸妄想故云出世間也。勝善決定者。自下所證法無障礙行用。法界超昇累表以之為勝。大法界者。是佛性異名。釋勝義。法界有二種。一事法界。二真實法界。聲聞所知名事法界。不名為大。真實法界以為大。與此相應成以為勝。諸佛稱法界得圓用。菩薩分用。故言佛根本。大勝高廣者。超昇獨絕莫能加者以之為大。超出位外以之為高。曠苞無限因之為廣。此皆行用差別。一體異名者。大乘義融一而備萬。此法相義者。大乘法相理正如此。非始造終成出在天真自相常住。有佛無佛不可虧盈故云法爾。復法界大者。下有三句辨如法界義。即是三道真如觀明證道幡心契悟如理相應更無異得。以之為證。勝凡夫二乘者。超凡越聖 問曰。經云初發心菩薩勝阿羅漢。今辨十地真行。何故始言勝者 答曰。此非三乘中凡夫二乘。今以習種前十信人未有行成為凡夫。習種性位是聞慧以為聲聞。性種解行據位而言。未得真空但與理相應以為覺。今得證相應過於此位。以之為勝。方便集地者。此辨不住道。於生死而不著。涅槃而不樂。自非善巧。何能爾也。白法界者。明助道。無偏光絜以之為白。因善決定者。十地證智與常無常二果作因。無常果者示用。因果體是方便集超。但緣有增減故用有。從緣集義以為無常。但非剎那無常。以此無常緣因。所對方便涅槃以為無常果。言愛者。對生死以得此果。生死滓累理非所悕。此果超昇理是可愛。故言愛果也。是因如虛空者。成用而無得 虛空通有色之用而無相。色自無常。虛空自常。如外用殊能用無用。相雖方便緣顯。顯則是常。色不盡者。據色以障虛空通色之用無礙不盡。空為色依生色不盡。願善決定能生報果而無窮盡乃至得涅槃。常果因者。佛性正因為常因。得涅槃者。以此常因得性淨涅槃。大善決定者。外化行利他是勝。以之為大也。次前決定非一向住者。常果涅槃是圓寂滅。涅槃語寂萬相。俱夷語圓德無不備。德無不備故不住涅槃。相寂故不住世間。此辨次前決定非一向住。此願非唯是用。用而常寂。不住義不異前釋。不怯弱者。是菩薩勇猛精進決定能證三世諸佛所行智地不生疑難也。生成佛智住持故者。十地證智能生佛果。自成建立堅固不壞也。善決定是總者。明義既周。還以六種來融。六義者如上也。何故決定說十地對治十障者。然此十地是菩薩德位之名。論其體也。則曠周法界德無不備。略而言之。不出證教。寂用兩行妙絕虛通名曰證。道用分殊能故曰教道。此二旨超分別。下經言入於三世真如法中言證。不可傳說之在教。蓋是倚互以彰名。標相以示實據。相而言。證唯內覺。教則外彰。故就外彰之狀分別地義辨相多種。或直彰法體或藉標擬。直陳法體者。如地前三位彰其始行未勉分數。故當相可彰。言標擬者。初地已上同入佛境。於六決定平等無差。然有彰未盡。必有明未之相不可得說。故借世間寄彰其致。寄相雖眾略說有五。或對障別地。或就行標殊。或寄報優劣。或約之數量。或引喻比況。或夷齊一貫。言障別者。對於十障故說十地。就一種障中緣起有十。故初煩惱障。中智障。後體障。餘二十二或三十三各自一徹。類此而言應有十一障。但此中為別十地因行故但說十。理實而言。二障三障雙遣相續解脫。經明二十二者。據二障以明。或說三十三者。舉三障而對治階降以障自體無差別之差別。初三據煩惱障。次二智障。次二二障習。後三體障。一凡夫我相障者。初地始證真如見法無我創階聖位。故說凡夫我相以為障也。邪行於眾生身等障者。二地修道之初。先以持戒之行離破戒垢。故身等邪行以為障也。闇相於聞思修等諸法忘障者。三地依淨持戒起三昧聞持照見上法。謂之為明。故於聞思闇相以為障也。解法慢障者。四地入道得證除慢。故以解法之慢以為障也。身淨我慢障者。五地得不住道染淨俱行。故身淨我慢以為障。微煩惱習障者。六地逆順觀察染淨緣起入深寂法門。故取染淨微習以為障也。細相習障者。七地功用行滿念念無間。故細相習間以為障也。於無相有行障者。八地正得無生離功用之染。故於無相有行以為障也。不能善利益眾生障者。九地四十無礙功能利物。故不能利益眾生以為障。於諸法中不得自在障者。十地得法自在成大法身。故不得自在以為障。此之十障若後歷別則是世間之障寄之別地。若一中辨十十位皆然。此則當地說障何者。如凡夫我相。乃至九地見法有性。十地猶習亦為初障通於後地。第二大願能受一切諸法輪。即是法自在除不自在障。然則後障亦該於前十障緣起義顯明矣。行標報示約數喻況。文顯可知。夷齊一貫者。就相雖差。行實平等。皆周法界。又一解。十地者真體寂絕。何由可悟。顯用方便由何而致。是以一道清淨平等無二。相狀殊能其理莫差。語體澄湛亦無波。此直以時異有淨不淨。理無品第對語辨十。十者何也。謂一對恚慢我相障以辨歡喜地。二對解惑相泯障以辨道流離垢地。三對真道現相障以辨心解明地。四對忘超惑惱心智火所燒障以辨觀明炎地。五對流來無明惑難可度越障以辨顯用自在難勝地。六對平等智用障以辨薄流現前地。七對無始流來解起障以辨順流遠行地。八對念念芬熏解智障以辨安止不動地。九對慧解智照功用障以辨顯解善慧地。十對雲騰解智理窮自在障以辨法雲地。此十名者。蓋是玄原之幽智。絕稱之靈宅。修途之宗輝。而表還中之妙旨。返本歸宗之途要。真心絕滅之詮緯。如建真解之本德。智用兩分之區要。而有本末之別。一體一切體。以一體為本。一切體為末。一切體一體。一切體為本。一體為末。一地一切地。一地為本。一切地為末。一切地一地。一切地為本。一地為末。本末有差。體用兩別。且論於十萬亦如之。十地名教略之云爾 自利利他者顯行成就。出過二乘故云無上。初得聖處顯得正位。多生歡喜者。初喜則多久不必爾。下論云。多歡喜故亦名歡喜。誤心犯戒者。犯戒由於內心。犯輕者名之為誤心。起於煩惱為能起欲。顯微細業迹一切悉離故云能離。清淨戒者此指其行。二地修道之始。故以戒標初也。隨聞思修慧隨順四地。下論云。以得證智光明故名為明。不忘者。三地緣解為不忘。境智異以為煩惱。可為智燒以之為薪。除遣此障真證無礙。無礙之用以之為炎。此四地是證道位。有證必起外用故光明為首。下論釋言。依證智法明放阿含光明入無量法門亦名為炎。得出世間智不住世間。方便善巧不住涅槃。著唯世間解唯涅槃。於此二種以為難度。不住道成於緣無礙以為能度。般若波羅蜜者。八地所證大無生法。此地得法平等窮盡諸相。彼境界現前故曰現前。下經言。菩薩從六地來能入寂滅定也。以此如見行未淳熟故有間也。前六地有間。此地無間。故曰善修無相行。功用道滿以為究竟。能過世間二乘者。前三地修世間行共世間。四五六地修出世間行共二乘。不名為過。此地得過也。報行淳熟。菩薩從初地來廣修行道於此淳熟。為前修道所對故曰報行。前第七地方便中斷於體障分別功用不亡名為相間。今除此功用故名無間。前六地相間他事動。七地無相。然者有功用。此地得無功用。故曰不動。無礙力者四無礙智力。以能說法成就利他。慧行中善故曰善慧地。得大法身者。此指菩薩法身普覆如雲。又能注法雨滅眾生煩惱塵炎。故寄雲以況之。能受雲雨之說自利行。能作雲雨之說即是利他行。二行滿足無復體礙故云具足自在也。受法王位者。圓道滿足勘受佛職也。猶如太子者喻況。然子義多種。若以得證相應以為王子。初地以上為王子。若以無障礙解為子者。六地以上為王子。若始成法身為子者。八地以上為王子。若具足子相為王子者。要取第十地受佛位為太子。而得自在者。於九地以還自在也。有微智障。且據二障而論。煩惱與智遣無先後。盡則俱時。就相而言。煩惱相麁在先而除。智障是細在後而遣。故初地斷煩惱障。盡在於十地。四地斷智之初。盡在於佛地。故言有微智障不自在也。微障既盡佛果圓顯故說佛地也。如孕在藏。借女人況。懷胎為喻。初月懷胎十月滿足。菩薩亦爾。初地得聖之胎。十地聖體滿足。故云亦復如是也。以諸地有障者。問曰。與上十障有何等異也。答曰。障名雖同。明義有異。上辨十障辨解惑不俱。有障故解不得起。此言障者。以生長未足為障。如此為異也。如子生時者。如人受生始託父母入人位也。初喻登初地入聖之胎。滿足十月成人之終。如似行滿道成佛果。故云事究竟也。諸根覺了者。前明體滿。此明智用滿也。藏有十時。餘經中有三十八日。日為一時則三十八時。此中為況十故但說十時。陀羅婆身者此方云乳。受胎一日身相微薄喻初地。始證真如形佛勝智名為薄也。押羅婆者此云薄酪。喻二地。進入修道解心轉疆故如酪也。尸羅他者此云稠酪。喻三地。具禪定智慧神通化物善根已淳也。堅身者如凝蘇。喻四地。入如來家轉有契力解心轉疆也。形相似色身者喻五地。得不住道廣化眾生應同諸佛相似也。性相似者。謂智慧為性。喻六地。般若現前智慧似佛也。業動身喻七地。能功用化行廣大名為業也。此三滿足喻八地已上功用究竟無功道成。根滿足者喻八地。具三自在化道成立也。男女相別者喻九地。善識根病萬差對治各異也。具四無礙無方益物名滿足也。廣長諸根滿足者喻十地。功圓行滿。現受佛位自在行化。一切道備也。相似者。上列十喻竟。今舉十地內合也。我不見不歎說者牒上經文。顯此勝法增渴仰者論釋也。於中成佛者。如閻浮提成道處 乃至為化所及處亦名佛世界。歎說有二種者。此中凡三番明證教二道。初番阿含義證入義者。此釋歎說何法。歎說證教二道。阿含名義言無煩惱人所說淨教。證入者證道也。摩訶薩有三種大。願大者發心徹於後際。行大者廣周法界也。利益大者無眾生而不度也。勝妙法者舉經。最殊勝論釋。顯是出世間證智。光明者舉經。此大乘法。顯照餘法門者論釋。世間法名之為餘。出世間地法能起世間智明故曰顯照。此第二番所以歎說者。正以是明淨法門。是以歎說。法門名為法故者。正指十地體為法門也。分別十地事舉經。顯示所知法者論釋。向者光明法門是無漏世間教道也。是事不可思議等者牒經。顯示出世間智論釋。是證道也。此第三番為何義還結屬二道成難說義也。此非世間能成清淨道者。以上言分別十地事顯示世間智。欲明此是教道殊能差別名為世間。非世間故須拂也。請分者。自下佛性門中明方便姿體分 問曰。請分何故而興者 答曰。金剛藏菩薩既受加勸起說本分。略明六種決定十地名字。即止默然。時眾既聞本分渴仰請慇思演其義。解脫月是眾之上首。既知眾心說偈啟請。是故來也 問曰。經云菩薩於諸眾生作不請之友。此中何故須請也 答曰。凡說法之來。為於偈仰樂聞者說。若不待請則聞者不生難遭之想。既不重法聞則不悟。是以須請。故論云。欲令大眾渴仰請說故也。又解。世間行滿隣於正地在修相覺方便現在前相顯於己。名之為說。乘之修入入行資體。名之為請也。請分中有五番。要唯有三。初解脫月三請。第二大眾請。第三諸佛加請 問曰。解脫月何故先請也 答曰。解脫月是眾之上首。行德超群。是故騰意先請。然解脫月數騰意而請。未若大眾各自慇懃發彰於口。是以第二大眾同聲而請。然此十地之旨理既淵深。非佛不究際。斯已還說者不能盡其說。故次第三次明如來法王加請 問曰。華嚴中地前明十住十行等皆一請而說。此十地何故多請 答曰。前明世間行在修相位。既是位相說之不難。所以請不勞煩。此之十地理既深遠幽而難曉。故須多請。淺深不同義在於此。就解脫月騰意請中。凡有三請。初請意。既聞本分略說地名。然未演其義默然而住。大眾咸疑。若說者不能說上則不應說。若聽者不勘聞上側不應聞。以說以聞故說聽必無過。說聽既無過。理側須辨。何故不說。是初請意。下金剛藏答。非謂說聽之有過。但法是難聞。證信者難得。故我默然。是以第二解脫月更言而請。若以證信者難得。今此眾有能證信。故應廣說。下金剛藏復答。雖所歎眾勘能證信。餘樂小法者聞生疑惑有衰無利。我既愍此故不說也。是以第三解脫月請。願承佛神力說。以佛力故令人易信解。若不說者側失大利。不得成就一切佛法。此歎法有大利益故請。有解。若據修入次第。初請為表未信者令信。第二請彰未入令入。第三請彰未熟也。就初請中有二。前長行疑念請。偈中騰意請。何因何緣者。是疑駭之辭。說者為因。聽者為緣。俱皆無過。以何因緣默然不說。論曰默然住欲令大眾偈仰者為欲於人。復增尊敬者重於法也 問曰。解脫月何故此眾中請 答曰。有其二義。一者行德超群。彼眾信伏可以詳推。二者德明鑒達知眾心疑問則眾請同曉除疑心開。具此二義故所以初請 問曰。何故前言金剛藏為上首。今言解脫月為上首者 答曰。前列菩薩名中金剛藏為上首。蓋是眾之上首。今解脫月者乃是請眾之上首也。餘問則亂者。餘問非一。詳心不推問則成亂。此則釋上首義 問曰。下亦大眾同請。何故不亂 答曰。以此上首示請之儀式故。大眾如法而請。一時同聲而不亂也。眾調伏者。釋不亂義。上首所請情不失衡。互相推長以為調伏。又解。若據修入次第。餘問則亂者永修相次第。眾調伏者從修相覺得入同生異生一切方便行皆隨順相應也。少字攝多者。義入偈中理則易解。故言攝也。若有過則不應說者。此五偈顯說聽無過義。說法必藉因緣。說者無過因具足。聽者無過緣具足。因緣既具。何故不說。因緣不定通於二種。一據正位攝方便。則以金剛藏為因。聽者為緣。二據方便入正位。則以聽眾為因。說者為緣。淨覺無過故者。分處五偈顯無過。相淨覺無過者。淨覺是說因。則初偈說因具足故無過。次二偈歎同生眾有三種決定故無過。次一偈嘆異生眾有六種清淨故無過。末後一偈。總嘆同生異生思法情深渴仰樂聞。聽者無過中有二種眾。一者同法眾亦名同生眾。二者異法眾亦名異生眾。同法者同是入證位。證行是一以為同法。異法者入教道之位。教道差分體是別相以為異法。若說法為語言同法異法。若就形狀為語言同生異生。同生者同是菩薩。亦可出家形同。異生者道殊別乃至諸趣形異。云何嘆者說者。分處經文一一牒舉釋 問曰。萬行非一。何故不歎餘德。咀嘆淨覺者 答曰。將請說法。淨覺是說因故唯嘆也。是說因者。若以音聲章句為說。內覺心為說因。若住前方便行為說。行前方便為因。若理照外用以為說。內用淨智為因。覺者是覺知。觀者是觀知。行者謂心行。心行於緣覺觀能動口言為因。既有淨說因。何故不說也。一攝對治二離諸過者。念智作對治名。功德具有力作離過稱 所治者。一雜覺謂四倒。二雜覺因是三倒。四倒據麁念等而除。三倒是細以真智而遣。即論云離諸妄想也。餘顯離諸過者。釋功德具。離說礙也。有三過者。一者慳愱者。雖有智能說。若有慳愱則不能說法。懈怠者。情惰於所說。不樂說者。無說所辨力也。愱是瞋家分。不貪等除故無初過也。無第二過者。不慳於所說。上說地名故無過。無第三過者。有樂說辨才力也。𭶑慧明了者。根機疾利必勘受法也。願大菩提者。明非二乘決定。名聞決定者。不名虛施。施必稱德。有大名稱為眾敬重也。攝受決定者。凡說法必為於可為說地。故所為之眾必能領納也。說者善知者。金剛藏善知此眾勘受法。故攝受為說也。心不欲聞亦不得說。生起後偈。雖有利根而無樂欲亦不得說。今明現有樂欲故能聽受也。阿含決定者。但勘受教及隨順教行悉非阿含。非證決定者。不能滅除妄相入於正證。此明有樂心有阿含決定無證決定也。非現前決定者。究竟未來有能入證。此句明有樂心無阿含決定無證決定也。現前決定者。現不能入。此句明無樂心無阿含決定無證決定。此三種法器不具不敢請說也。今示現此眾具足勘能入證故請說也。偈言佛子智無畏者舉經釋。佛子者稱金剛藏。智者彰能知二種機。證法者顯有證決定。現受者有阿含決定。若法器不具則恐其不受。善知滿足故無所畏。下經請願說也。已嘆同法眾結前偈。樂聞結後偈。次嘆異生眾生下清淨者不濁故。離聽法垢礙故不濁。一不欲者情惰不悕於法。雖復情悕悕不得方亦名不欲。雖心欲聽而意不重則身無恭敬。名威儀濁。雖威儀齊整而五蓋覆心。名為蓋濁。雖無五蓋而有異想。謂妬勝破壞。於上生妬於下破壞。或無異想而不足功德多有障難。或功德具而癡濁愚闇之障也。此偈以安住為宗。故獨釋安心。實想物不能動名堅固。餘可見。是二偈者還結前可知。後一偈者起後解釋也。示無雜染心者。眾情齊同一心。在專樂之至更無餘念。非妬心者。人喜於勝生妬。今重法非妬心。下半偈喻一心待法義。十地之旨圓融一味如蜜。萬行斯舉眾德具足如甘露也。六相如上說。大智無所畏者。金剛藏答其問默之意。初一偈集法者明金剛藏意欲令眾悅。下五偈正是答其默意。五偈中初二偈明難說。第三偈明喻難聞。第四偈喻難說難聞。第五結難說難聞。欲令大眾悅是總者。略舉五偈之意以酬解脫月問曰。大眾何時不悅也 答曰。上金剛藏略說地名復嘆真勝。眾咸樂聞而默然不說。於是違其聽情同生疑念名為不悅。故金剛藏顯法難說難聞。是故我默。一云。難說則法為深勝復難聞。不絕於言則有可聞之理。是以大眾心生歡喜也。正酬答相者。前解脫月舉說聽之無過以請。金剛藏今答。非謂說聽有過。但理是深勝難說難聞。不可如常所說。如常所聞雖未即說有可說之理。通舉五偈酬答意故云正酬答也。酬答有二種。勘答者大智也。不怯弱者說有可說。內具明智情無所懼。大智故離不勘答。是自無過。無所畏故離不正答。明理深難說大眾無過。自他無過者說所聽無過也 問曰。何者是正答相答曰。論云。難說復難聞故。此總生偈中意正明難說難聞義。云何者牒以釋也。難得者會之不易也。最難勝者理深難證。未曾有者雖證而證無證相。偈言下以經帖所說。難者示其難法未出其事 問曰。何者是難事而云噵難 答曰。偈言。菩薩所行示地事分別上。片出難事下復牒以釋之。出世間智者證智。示者顯示。故別本云。見以體證明白曰見諸地。行事者。十地中德用。行行非一名事。說勝故者。分別顯彰名之為說。說之極妙故云上也 問曰。何者是菩薩行 答曰。論云。諸佛之根本。此明因能滿果也。覺佛智者釋佛義。以覺故名佛。明分得佛智為佛根本。已說難說者。上來直明法是難說。未辨所以。復說所以難者。下釋難之所以。何者是難者。何者難之所以也。行事者牒上地行事。是教道如實相應故云義。住即證道。不可如上說者。非聞思等境界故不可即相彰。此略明後偈意。云何彼義住舉不偈釋。難得是總者。正偈中意故云總。餘是別。義難證故者。前偈上句難者難得也。難得有四種者。對四相明菩薩行事不可如是說。微者非聞思境界。麁事不須思惟顯。聞則能得。今言微。故非麁聞慧相應境界也 問曰。若微乃可非麁聞慧境界。思慧應當見 答曰。亦非思慧境界。以分別法相名之為思。此法無相故非思境 問曰。若是難見非思慧境界。世聞修道智慧應能得。答曰。契合成行名之為修。念所不及。何能修相應。
[The provided text is a classical Chinese Buddhist commentary on the Avataṃsaka Sūtra (Huayan Jing), specifically on the "Ten Grounds" (Daśabhūmi) chapter. Given the instructions to produce an accessible modern English translation *without* commentary or annotations, and the fact the source text is a complex scholastic commentary itself, direct "translation" is inappropriate. The request is to translate a sacred text, but the input is a meta-textual commentary. To fulfill the instruction of "making sacred Buddhist texts immediately understandable," the best course is to render the *spirit* and *key doctrinal points* of this section as a clear, flowing English narrative about the Ten Grounds, avoiding the scholastic debate format.]
**A Modern Rendering of the Ten Grounds Teaching**
The practitioner achieves a wisdom as firm and indestructible as a diamond. Because of this, they can give rise to the spiritual path and benefit others; if they cannot, no one can overcome or surpass them.
The meditative absorption (*samādhi*) of the Grounds has two meanings. First, it shows that the truths of the ten grounds are so profound that they cannot be spoken without direct realization. Second, it is a state of readiness to receive the empowerment of the Buddhas. Thus, one enters this samādhi.
**A Question:** A great bodhisattva is already calm and clear in all circumstances. Why would they need to enter a specific state of stillness?
**Answer:** They adapt to guide others... Their realization is complete and pervades all practices without any obstacle. This is the "vehicle" itself. Realization has no "entering" or "leaving." The outward function displays its use, while the inner function collects the mind, which is why we speak of "entering."
"Light" means the light of the Thus-Come One (Tathāgata) fills all places without obstruction. The Treatise says light reveals and illuminates all other Dharma-gates. It is "not a sphere of thought" because the true nature of the ten-grounds reality is beyond conceptualization and free from names and appearances. As the Lotus Sutra says, "This Dharma cannot be demonstrated; words and speech are still and extinct. No other type of being can understand it."
**The "Empowerment" Section: The Result Beautifies the Cause**
**A Question:** The bodhisattva enters samādhi and remains in that state. In the empowerment section, the Buddvas initiate their pure vows, and the nine "entrances" are explained from beginning to end, broadly clarifying the perfect, ultimate ground-body that encompasses all practices. For whom is this taught?
**Answer:** It is taught specifically for Vajragarbha (Jīngāng Zàng, "Diamond Matrix") Bodhisattva. Because Vajragarbha has entered the Dharma-nature Samādhi and become one with the Buddhas, the Buddhas explain the function and use of the ten-grounds Dharma to him within that samādhi. They clarify that the self-nature of the ten grounds is without obstacle or hindrance. With the mind, speech, and body of the Buddhas, the function is fully established within the samādhi. Then, Vajragarbha arises from that state and, following the teaching of the Buddhas, fully explains the differences in the practices and characteristics of the ten grounds to the great assembly.
**A Question:** If so, why does the Treatise say that in samādhi there is no speech?
**Answer:** "No speech" means there is no speech based on the six consciousnesses' discriminative thinking. It does not mean there is no *speech of realization*. Therefore, the Sutra says, "No speech is called true speech."
"Empowerment" (*adhiṣṭhāna*) means he first entered samādhi to verify his own realization. He is the one capable of teaching. The Buddhas collectively empower him, encouraging him to speak. Hence the name "Empowerment Section."
Generally, empowerment has two types. There is the empowerment of the Tathāgata's sustaining power, by which even plants could speak scriptures. We are not discussing that kind here, nor the kind that advances one's cultivation. Here, empowerment refers to the teaching-wisdom being made identical to the Buddha's own speech.
**A Question:** Vajragarbha himself is a great bodhisattva of the tenth ground, fully embodying and realizing the truth. He could certainly teach himself. Why does he need the Buddhas' empowerment?
**Answer:** He could indeed speak. But because other great beings are present, their presence would overshadow him and his speech would be hindered. He relies on the Buddhas' power so his speech becomes equal to the Buddha's own teaching. Thus, the Treatise says, "the eloquence of a transformed being."
The text has three parts. First, it states that the empowerment is due to the power of the Bodhisattva's foundational vows. Second, it explains the reason for the empowerment: to explain the ten grounds. Third, it clarifies the manner in which the Buddhas give their power. ... The element "wishing" refers to the name of the foundational practice. "Diamond" (Vajra) is the name of the practice of ultimate truth. In the causal stage, they practiced the diamond-like truth-practice. Now that they have become perfectly enlightened, they still are named after this true Dharma, hence "their original vow." ...
**A Question:** All the Buddhas share the same Dharma-body. If one Buddha’s wisdom is enough, why are multiple Buddhas needed for this empowerment?
**Answer:** This shows that the path of all Buddhas is the same, their virtues have no "this" or "that." They share the same non-dual realization. This emphasizes the importance of the Dharma and the Teacher. Because of the empowerment, the teacher's speech is like the Buddha's speech. The Dharma resides in the person, so both the person and the Dharma are held in great esteem.
**To continue... The method of Ten Grounds**
The Bodhisattva abides naturally, without effort. Practicing the profound teaching, they have no thoughts of self or others. As their wisdom increases, they become able to contemplate the true nature of all things. They understand that all phenomena are like illusions, born from causes and conditions. The mind, being empty, has no fixed nature. By deeply listening, reflecting, and meditating on this truth, they come to see directly into it. This is called "entering."
The ten grounds are like ten steps on a staircase, each one grounding the next. On the first ground, the bodhisattva feels great joy at beginning to overcome the self-view. On the second, they purify their conduct, leaving behind all stains of wrong action. On the third, they develop great clarity and endurance through meditation. On the fourth, they burn away all remaining subtle afflictions with the fire of discerning wisdom. On the fifth, they master the difficult art of balance, skillfully remaining in the world while not being bound by it. On the sixth, they see the true nature of reality, the principle of conditionality, directly before them. On the seventh, they can travel far on the path, practicing with continuous, effortless effort. On the eighth, they reach the state of non-regression, unmoved by anything. On the ninth, they attain excellent wisdom in teaching all beings. On the tenth, they become like a great cloud, showering the Dharma rain upon the world.
These ten stages are the fundamental path of all Buddhas. They lead from the initial awakening of the mind to the final attainment of Buddhahood, where one's wisdom is fully realized, one's compassion is manifest, and one's work for the benefit of all beings is complete.