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  1. Concise Explanation of the Pramāṇavārtika (釋量論略解)
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Concise Explanation of the Pramāṇavārtika (釋量論略解)


序

Preface

「釋量論」,是公元七世紀印度因明學家法稱論師的一部量理論著。據藏語系所傳法稱論師的量理著作共有七部,他繼承了因明學大師陳那菩薩的學說,並有所發展。

"The *Pramāṇavārttika* ( Treatise on Valid Cognition ) is a seminal work on the theory of knowledge and logic, composed by the renowned Indian epistemologist Ācārya Dharmakīrti in the seventh century CE. According to the Tibetan tradition, Dharmakīrti authored seven major treatises on epistemology and reasoning, in which he built upon and advanced the profound teachings of the great master of logic, Ācārya Dignāga."

法稱論師的七部量理論著,一般稱為因明七論,即(一)釋量論,(二)定量論,(三)正理滴論,(四)因滴論,(五)觀相屬論,(六)成他相續論,(七)諍正理論。前三部為體,如人之軀體,解釋陳那「集量論」的六門要義。後四部側重解釋「集量論」部分之義。如「因滴論」,側重解釋比量之量式因義;「觀相屬論」,側重解釋比量之量式各概念的關係、和合義及過類;「成他相續論」,側重論證他人之心理以成立唯識的道理;「諍正理論」,側重解釋為他比量。合稱為七部釋論。並有天慧等所作若干注釋,迄今較完整地保存於藏文「丹珠爾」(論藏)之中。

The seven treatises on logic by the great master Dharmakīrti are commonly known as the Seven Treatises on Reasoning. They are: (1) the Commentary on Valid Cognition, (2) the Treatise on Establishing Valid Cognition, (3) the Drop of Reasoning, (4) the Drop of Logical Reasons, (5) the Examination of Relations, (6) the Establishment of Other Minds, and (7) the Treatise on Debate.

The first three are like the body of a person, forming the core. They explain the six key points of Dignāga's *Compendium of Valid Cognition*. The last four focus on explaining specific aspects of that same text. For example, the *Drop of Logical Reasons* focuses on the forms of logical reasons used in inference; the *Examination of Relations* looks at how concepts relate to one another in inference, including their unity and types of errors; the *Establishment of Other Minds* argues for the existence of other minds, thereby supporting the idealist view; and the *Treatise on Debate* clarifies how inference is used to convince others.

Together, these are known as the Seven Commentaries. There are also several commentaries on them by scholars such as Devendra, and they have been preserved in full within the Tibetan *Tengyur* (the collection of commentaries on the Buddha's words).

「釋量論」,為七部釋論的廣論。在公元十四世紀,宗喀巴大師在西藏創立了佛教格魯派僧侶學制之後,以拉薩格魯派(俗稱黃教)三大寺(甘丹、哲蚌、色拉)為中心的顯教寺院,都把「釋量論」列為必修科目。宗喀巴大師的弟子如賈曹.達瑪仁欽(有譯為「盛寶」),克主.格蕾貝桑(有譯為「善賢」),根敦珠巴(有譯為「僧成」)等,皆為「釋量論」作有注釋。他們認為「釋量論」是研究法相,抉擇正見所必須研讀的論典,闡明了推理論證和衡量辯論正確與否所必須依據的思維規律。

"The Exposition of Valid Cognition" is the extensive commentary among the seven treatises on logic. In the 14th century, after Master Tsongkhapa established the monastic curriculum of the Gelug school of Buddhism in Tibet, the monasteries specializing in exoteric Buddhism, centered around the three great Gelug monasteries of Lhasa—Ganden, Drepung, and Sera—all made this text a required subject of study. Disciples of Master Tsongkhapa, such as Gyeltsab Dharma Rinchen (sometimes rendered as "Precious Victorious"), Khedrup Gelek Pelzang (sometimes rendered as "Excellent Virtue"), and Gendun Drup (sometimes rendered as "Fulfilled Goal"), all wrote commentaries on it. They regarded it as an essential text for investigating the characteristics of phenomena and settling on correct views, as it clarifies the principles of reasoning and the rules of thought that must be followed to assess the validity of arguments and debates.

「釋量論」,原為對陳那「集量論」的釋論。他把「集量論」的六門(實為六品,即現量品,為自比量品,為他比量品,觀喻似喻品,觀遮詮品,觀過類品)攝為四品,即為自比量品(自義比量),成立量士夫品(成量),現量品,為他比量品(他義比量)。

*Summary of Logic* was originally a commentary on Dignāga's *Compendium of Valid Cognition*. It condenses the six chapters of that work—covering direct perception, inference for oneself, inference for others, examples and pseudo-examples, exclusion, and fallacies—into four: inference for oneself, establishing the valid cognizer, direct perception, and inference for others.

法稱對「為自比量品」,自己作了注釋。他認為分辨義理的是非,須賴於比量智,方能消弭邪智,最終獲得明辨是非的理智。而比量智必須依靠正確的因,才能對所衡量的義理得到正確的了解。他開宗以「宗法由彼因所遍,具此正因有三種,無則不生唯限此,似因則與此相違」一頌,概括敘述了正因的性相、數目,及其理據,並包括了與三相相違的似因。他的理論關鍵,在於扼要提出因和宗所具有的有法和法的遍及關係,更指出具備此種遍及關係的唯有果因、自性因與不可得因(此譯名尚待斟酌)三種類型。由此所謂遍及關係,不外依據客觀的因果關係和自性關係,建立對事理的表詮或遮詮。這是立量所必須具備的條件,亦即因所必須具備的三相(遍是宗法性,同品定有性,異品遍無性)。法稱又簡約為宗法,隨遍,反遍的基礎所在。據此,他認為沒有別立喻支的必要。而檢查因相的正確與否,以同品有異品有,同品有異品無,同品無異品有,同品無異品無四句料簡即足。代替了九句因。凡此都是陳那「集量論」中,或引而未發,或發而未盡,含有批評意味的獨到之處,絕非只限於解釋原文而已。
在「成立量士夫品」中,法稱引「集量論」頌說:「歸敬為量利諸趣,示現善逝救護者,悲愍邪分別眾生,如實宣說成量理。」前兩句頌文,攝為五義:謂成為量、利諸趣、示現、善逝、救護者。其中「成為量」為抉擇之差別事,其餘四義為抉擇之差別法。此依與頌文所敘次序相順而言,為流轉門;與其次序相逆而言,為還滅門。何以要從此二門論述呢?一方面為了論證成為「量士夫」的一切智者,是遵行一定的方法逐步串習而成,以駁敵論者認為一切智為無因生;另一方面論證有由因所生之一切智,是因為見到果位自利利他圓滿,這就是先從流轉門論述的道理。又為遮止故,從還滅門論證,以大悲心為成立「量士夫」的道理,推知以菩提心及加行圓滿證無我智慧,串習利他之行,乃為主要行為,從而又顯示了必須修持布施等六度。總而言之,從流轉門的論述,旨在使人明了示現(佛),從何道修習而至。從還滅門的論述,旨在使人明了最初抉擇四諦道理,方能證得功德圓滿。如是從因圓滿到果圓滿,即自利利他皆圓滿者,才產生成為量之薄伽梵,也才是真正的「量士夫」。對此作反覆的論證,其目的在於建立有前生後世的輪廻說,這是「釋量論」所要成立的核心命題。在這品中,法稱還對印度順世派等認為沒有業果相續的說法,用較多的立破量式進行了批駁,以建立佛為量士夫。
在「現量品」中,論述「量」必須是新生,非虛誑的認識。因為由它所認識的事物,唯有自相與共相,所以決定量也只有現量和比量。現量,即現見的認識;比量,即推理比度的認識。因為以自相為所現境之量,必是現量;以共相為所現境之量,必是比量。既離分別又非錯亂之智,才可以叫做現量。這分為根現量、意現量、自證現量、瑜伽現量四種。
在「為他比量品」中,旨在闡述所立量式之所以成為「真」必須具備的條件,以及似「宗、因、喻」所犯過類。簡言之,「為自比量品」所論述的主要內容,為具三相的因,從而理解所立法。而「為他比量品」所抉擇的主要內容,為能立語,即通過立量形式,使人對立破得到正確的理解。
藏文文獻中,關於「釋量論」,尚有較重要的著作。如法稱的「釋量論」第一品自注,天慧對「釋量論」的後三品釋等,以及西藏學者的不少注釋,應當全部譯出,始能窮源竟委窺其全豹。再據以對邏輯學作比較研究,實屬重要的一項佛學研究工作。
本書譯者法尊法師,萃其一生精力,貢獻於漢藏佛典傳譯工作。在垂暮衰病之日,猶能初步完成「釋量論」這一巨大著作的譯述,這種獻力於佛教的精神,是值得欽佩與學習的。在法師譯傳這一著作的同時,我適擔任「藏漢大詞典」因明部分的編譯工作,每遇審名定義盤根錯節之處,時想有機會能與之商榷。沒有想到,在我前往參加大會的前夕,法師遽爾圓寂,未及最後謁見。承佛教界同仁囑為本書作序。淺學如我,愧何敢當。勉就管見所及,撮述本書梗概,作為讀者研索的引線,藉志對譯者尊公的悼念之忱。
民國七十年(一九八一年)元月 楊化羣謹序

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CBETA Code: B0043

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