大唐大慈恩寺三藏法師傳卷第五
沙門慧立本 釋彥悰箋
Monk Huili's Original Text, Annotated by Shi Yancong
起尼乾占歸國終至帝城之西漕
The Return of the Nirgranthas Ends at the Western Canal of the Imperial City
鳩摩羅使未至間,有一露形尼乾子名伐闍羅,忽入法師房來。法師舊聞尼乾善於占卜,即請坐問所疑,曰:「玄奘支那國僧,來此學問,歲月已久。今欲歸還,不知達不?又去住二宜,何最為吉?及壽命長短。願仁者占看。」尼乾乃索一白石畫地而筮,報法師曰:「師住時最好,五印度及道俗無不敬重;去時得達,於敬重亦好,但不如於住。師之壽命,自今已去,更可十年。若憑餘福轉續,非所知也。」法師又問,意欲思歸,經像既多,不知若為勝致。尼乾曰:「勿憂,戒日王、鳩摩羅王自遣人送師,必達無苦。」法師報曰:「彼二王者從來未面,如何得降此恩?」尼乾曰:「鳩摩羅王已發使來請,二三日當到,既見鳩摩羅,亦便見戒日。」如是言訖而去。
Before Kumarajiva's envoy arrived, a naked ascetic named Vajra, of the Nirgrantha order, suddenly entered the Master's chamber. Having heard that Nirgranthas were skilled in divination, the Master invited him to sit and asked about his concerns, saying: "I am Xuanzang, a monk from the land of China, who has come here to study for many years. Now I wish to return home, but I do not know whether I will reach safely. Also, between staying and leaving, which is most auspicious? And what of my lifespan? Please, sir, divine these for me."
The Nirgrantha then took a white stone and drew on the ground to cast a divination. He replied to the Master: "Staying here would be best—all of the five regions of India, both lay and monastic, hold you in high esteem. If you leave, you will reach your destination, and the respect you receive will also be good, but it will not match what you would have by staying. As for your lifespan, from now onward you have about ten more years. If you can extend it through additional merit, that lies beyond my knowledge."
The Master then asked, saying that he intended to return home, but as the scriptures and images he had gathered were numerous, he wondered how best to transport them. The Nirgrantha said: "Do not worry. King Harsha and King Kumarajiva will send people to escort you; you will surely reach your destination without trouble." The Master replied: "I have never met those two kings. How could they bestow such kindness?" The Nirgrantha said: "King Kumarajiva has already sent an envoy to invite you; he will arrive in two or three days. Once you see Kumarajiva, you will also meet Harsha." Having said this, he departed.
法師即作還意,莊嚴經像。諸德聞之,咸來勸住,曰:「印度者,佛生之處。大聖雖遷,遺蹤具在,巡遊禮讚,足豫平生,何為至斯而更捨也?又支那國者,蔑戾車地,輕人賤法,諸佛所以不生,志狹垢深,聖賢由茲弗往,氣寒土嶮,亦焉足念哉!」法師報曰:「法王立教,義尚流通,豈有自得霑心而遺未悟。且彼國衣冠濟濟,法度可遵,君聖臣忠,父慈子孝,貴仁貴義,尚齒尚賢。加以識洞幽微,智與神契。體天作則,七耀無以隱其文;設器分時,六律不能韜其管。故能驅役飛走,感致鬼神,消息陰陽,利安萬物。自遺法東被,咸重大乘,定水澄明,戒香芬馥。發心造行,願與十地齊功,斂掌熏修,以至三身為極。向蒙大聖降靈,親麾法化,耳承妙說,目擊金容,並轡長途,未可知也,豈得稱佛不往,遂可輕哉!」
The Master then resolved to return eastward and began to prepare scriptures and images. When the various elders heard this, they all came to persuade him to stay, saying: "India is the land where the Buddha was born. Though the Great Sage has passed away, his traces remain complete here. To wander and pay homage would fulfill one's lifetime aspirations—why would you abandon this and leave? Moreover, the land of China is a place of barbarians, where people are held in low regard and the Dharma is despised. This is why the Buddhas did not appear there. The people are narrow-minded and deeply defiled, which is why sages and saints do not go there. The climate is cold and the terrain treacherous—what is there worth thinking of?"
The Master replied: "The King of Dharma established his teachings with the principle that they should be widely propagated. How could one selfishly keep enlightenment to oneself while leaving the unawakened behind? Besides, in that land, the people are dignified in dress and bearing, and their laws and customs are worthy of respect. The rulers are wise and the ministers loyal; fathers are kind and children filial. They value benevolence and righteousness, and honor the elderly and the virtuous. Moreover, their understanding penetrates the subtle and profound, and their wisdom resonates with the divine. They model themselves on heaven in setting standards, so that the seven luminaries cannot hide their patterns; they devise instruments to mark time, so that the six pitch-pipes cannot conceal their tones. Thus they can command the flying and the running, move spirits and gods, harmonize yin and yang, and benefit all beings. Since the Dharma spread eastward, they have all held the Great Vehicle in reverence. Their waters of meditative concentration are clear and bright, and the fragrance of moral discipline is rich and pervasive. They dedicate themselves to practice, aspiring to equal the achievements of the ten stages. They fold their palms in devout cultivation, with the attainment of the three bodies as their ultimate goal. If the Great Sage had descended in spiritual form and personally guided the Dharma there, hearing his sublime words with their own ears and gazing upon his golden countenance with their own eyes, riding alongside him on the long road—who can say what might have been? How then can one claim that the Buddhas did not go there, and therefore dismiss that land lightly?"
彼曰:「經言:『諸天隨其福德,共食有異。』今與法師同居贍部,而佛生於此,不往於彼,以是將為邊地惡也。地既無福,所以不勸仁歸。」法師報曰:「無垢稱言:『夫日何故行贍部洲?』答曰:『為之除冥。』今所思歸,意遵此耳。」諸德既見不從,乃相呼往戒賢法師所具陳其意。戒賢謂法師曰:「仁意定何如?」報曰:「此國是佛生處,非不愛樂。但玄奘來意者,為求大法,廣利群生。自到已來,蒙師為說《瑜伽師地論》,決諸疑網,禮見聖跡,及聞諸部甚深之旨,私心慰慶,誠不虛行。願以所聞,歸還翻譯,使有緣之徒同得聞見,用報師恩,由是不願停住。」戒賢喜曰:「此菩薩意也。吾心望爾,爾亦如是。任為裝束,諸人不須苦留。」言訖還房。
經二日,東印度鳩摩羅王遣使奉書與戒賢法師曰:「弟子願見支那國大德,願師發遣,慰此欽思。」戒賢得書,告眾曰:「鳩摩羅王欲請玄奘,但此人眾差擬往戒日王所,與小乘對論,今若赴彼,戒日儻須,如何可得?不宜遣去。」乃謂使曰:「支那僧意欲還國,不及得赴王命。」使到,王更遣來請曰:「師縱欲歸,暫過弟子,去亦非難。必願垂顧,勿復致違。」
戒賢既不遣往,彼王大怒,更發別使齎書與戒賢法師曰:「弟子凡夫,染習世樂,於佛法中未知迴向。今聞外國僧名,身心歡喜,似開道芽之分,師復不許其來,此乃欲令眾生長淪永夜,豈是大德紹隆遺法,汲引物哉?不勝渴仰,謹遣重諮。若也不來,弟子則分是惡人,近者設賞迦王猶能壞法毀菩提樹,師即謂弟子無斯力耶?必當整理象軍,雲萃於彼,踏那爛陀寺,使碎如塵。此言如日,師好試看。」
When Xuanzang was not sent, the king grew furious. He sent another envoy with a letter to Master Shilabhadra, saying: "I am an ordinary man, steeped in worldly pleasures, unaware of how to turn my mind toward the Dharma. Now that I hear of a foreign monk's name, my body and mind are filled with joy, as if a seed of awakening has begun to sprout. Yet you, Master, refuse to let him come. Is this not to let sentient beings sink forever in the long night of ignorance? How can this be the way for a great teacher to carry on the Buddha's legacy and draw beings toward liberation? Overwhelmed with longing and reverence, I send this earnest request once more. If he does not come, then I am indeed an evil man. Did not King Shashanka recently destroy the Dharma and harm the Bodhi tree? Does the Master think I lack such power? I will surely muster a great elephant army, gather like clouds at your place, and trample Nalanda Monastery to dust. This word is as certain as the sun—Master, take heed."
戒賢得書,謂法師曰:「彼王者善心素薄,境內佛法不甚流行。自聞仁名,似發深意。仁或是其宿世善友,努力為去,出家以利物為本,今正其時。譬如伐樹,但斷其根,枝條自殄。到彼令王發心,則百姓從化。苦違不赴,或有魔事。勿憚小勞。」法師辭,與使俱去。至彼,王見甚喜,率群臣迎拜讚歎,延入宮,日陳音樂,飲食花香,盡諸供養,請受齋戒。如是經月餘。
戒日王討恭御陀還,聞法師在鳩摩羅處,驚曰:「我先頻請不來,今何因在彼?」發使語鳩摩羅王:「急送支那僧來!」鳩摩羅王敬重法師,愛戀無已,不能捨離。語使曰:「我頭可得,法師未可即來。」使還報。戒日王大怒,謂侍臣曰:「鳩摩羅王輕我也,如何為一僧發是麁語!」更遣使責曰:「汝言頭可得者,即宜付使將來。」鳩摩羅深懼言失,即命嚴象軍二萬,乘船三萬艘,共法師同發,泝渡殑伽河以赴王所,至羯朱嗢祇羅國,遂即參。
及鳩摩羅王將欲發引,先令人於殑伽河北營行宮。是日渡河至宮,安置法師訖,自與諸臣參戒日王於河南。戒日見來甚喜,知其敬愛於法師,亦不責其前語,但問:「支那僧何在?」報曰:「在某行宮。」王曰:「何不來?」報曰:「大王欽賢愛道,豈可遣師就此參王。」王曰:「善。且去,某明日自來。」鳩摩羅還謂法師曰:「王雖言明日來,恐今夜即至,仍須候待。若來,師不須動。」法師曰:「玄奘佛法理自如是。」至夜一更許,王果來。有人報曰:「河中有數千炬燭,并步鼓聲。」王曰:「此戒日王來。」即勅擎燭,自與諸臣遠迎。其戒日王行時,每將金鼓數百,行一步一擊,號為節步鼓。獨戒日王有此,餘王不得同也。既至,頂禮法師足,散花瞻仰,以無量頌讚歎訖,謂法師曰:「弟子先時請師,何為不來?」報曰:「玄奘遠尋佛法,為聞《瑜伽師地論》。當奉命時,聽論未了,以是不遂參王。」
王又問曰:「師從支那來,弟子聞彼國有《秦王破陣樂》歌舞之曲,未知秦王是何人?復有何功德,致此稱揚?」法師報曰:「玄奘本土見人懷聖賢之德,能為百姓除兇剪暴,覆潤群生者,則歌而詠之。上備宗廟之樂,下入閭里之謳。秦王者,即支那國今之天子也。未登皇極之前,封為秦王。是時天地版盪,蒼生無主,原野積人之肉,川谷流人之血,妖星夜聚,沴氣朝凝,三河苦封豕之貪,四海困長蛇之毒。王以帝子之親,應天策之命,奮戎振旅,撲剪鯨鯢,杖鉞麾戈,肅清海縣,重安宇宙,再耀三光。六合懷恩,故有茲詠。」王曰:「如此之人,乃天所以遣為物主也。」又問法師曰:「弟子且還。明日迎師,願不憚勞。」於是辭去。
詰旦使來,法師共鳩摩羅同去至戒日宮側,王與門師二十餘人出迎入坐,備陳珍饍,作樂散花供養訖。王曰:「聞師作《制惡見論》,何在?」法師報:「在此。」因取觀。觀訖,王甚悅,謂其門師等曰:「弟子聞日光既出則螢燭奪明,天雷震音而鎚鑿絕響。師等所守之宗,他皆破訖,試可救看。」諸德無敢言者。王曰:「師等上座提婆犀那,自云解冠群英,學該眾哲,首興異見,常毀大乘。及聞客大德來,即往吠舍釐禮觀聖跡,託以逃潛,故知師等無能也。」王有妹聰慧利根,善正量部義,坐於王後。聞法師序大乘,宗塗奧曠,小教局淺,夷然歡喜,稱讚不能已。
王曰:「師論大好,弟子及此諸師普皆信伏,但恐餘國小乘外道尚守愚迷,望於曲女城為師作一會,命五印度沙門、婆羅門、外道等,示大乘微妙之理,絕其毀謗之心,顯師盛德之高,摧其我慢之意。」是日發勅告諸國及義解之徒,集曲女城,觀支那國法師之論焉。
法師自冬初共王逆河而進,至臘月方到會場。五印度中有十八國王到,諳知大小乘僧三千餘人到,婆羅門及尼乾外道二千餘人到,那爛陀寺千餘僧到。是等諸賢並博蘊文義,富贍辯才,思聽德音,皆來會所。兼有侍從,或象或輿,或幢或幡,各自圍繞,峨峨岌岌,若雲興霧涌,充塞數十里間,雖六齊之舉袂成帷,三吳之揮汗為雨,未足方其盛也。王先勅會所營二草殿,擬安像及徒眾,比到並成。其殿峻廣,各堪坐千餘人。王行宮在會場西五里。日於宮中鑄金像一軀,裝一大象,上施寶帳安佛在其中。戒日王作帝釋形,手執白拂侍右,拘摩羅王作梵王形,執寶蓋侍左,皆著天冠花鬘,垂瓔珮玉。又裝二大象,載寶花。逐佛後隨行隨散。令法師及門師等各乘大象,次列王後。又以三百大象,使諸國王、大臣、大德等乘象,魚麗於道側,稱讚而行。從旦裝束,自行宮引向會所,至院門各令下乘,捧佛入殿,置於寶座。王共法師等以次供養。然後命十八國王入;諸國僧名稱最高、文義贍博者,使千餘人入;婆羅門、外道有名行者,五百餘人入;諸國大臣等二百餘人入。自外道俗,各令於院門外部伍安置。王遣內外並設食。食訖,施佛金槃一、金椀七、金澡灌一、金錫杖一枚、金錢三千、上㲲衣三千。法師及諸僧等施各有差。施訖,別施寶床,請法師坐為論主,稱揚大乘序作論意,仍遣那爛陀寺沙門明賢法師讀示大眾。別令寫一本懸於會場門外示一切人,若其問有一字無理能難破者,請斷首相謝。如是至晚,無一人致言。戒日王歡喜,罷會還宮,諸王、及僧各歸所,次法師共鳩摩羅王亦還自宮。
明旦復來,迎像送引聚集如初。經五日,小乘外道見毀其宗,結恨欲為謀害。王知,宣令曰:「邪黨亂真,其來自久。埋隱正教,誤惑群生,不有上賢,何以鑑偽。支那法師者,神宇沖曠,解行淵深,為伏群邪,來遊此國,顯揚大法,汲引愚迷,妖妄之徒不知慚悔,謀為不軌,翻起害心,此而可容,孰不可恕!眾有一人傷觸法師者斬其首,毀罵者截其舌。其欲申辭救義,不拘此限。」自是邪徒戢翼,竟十八日無一人發論。
將散之夕,法師更稱揚大乘,讚佛功德,令無量人返邪入正,棄小歸大。戒日王益增崇重,施法師金錢一萬、銀錢三萬、上㲲衣一百領;十八國王亦各施珍寶。法師一皆不受。王命侍臣莊嚴大象,施幢請法師乘,令貴臣陪衛,巡眾告唱,表立義無屈。西國法,凡論得勝如此,法師讓而不行。王曰:「古來法爾,事不可違。」乃將法師袈裟遍唱曰:「支那國法師立大乘義,破諸異見,自十八日來無敢論者,普宜知之。」諸眾歡喜。為法師競立美名,大乘眾號曰「摩訶耶那提婆」,此云「大乘天」;小乘眾號曰「木叉提婆」,此云「解脫天」。燒香散花,禮敬而去,自是德音彌遠矣。
王行宮西有一伽藍,王所供養,中有佛牙,長可寸半,其色黃白,每放光明。昔迦濕彌羅國訖利多種滅壞佛法,僧徒解散。有一苾芻遠遊印度。其後覩貨羅國雪山下王忿諸賤種毀滅佛法,乃詐為商旅,率三千勇士,多齎珍寶,偽言獻奉。其王素貪,聞之甚喜,遣使迎接。但雪山王稟質雄猛,威肅如神,既至其座,去帽而叱之,訖利多王覩便驚懾,顛仆於地。雪山王按其首而斬之,謂其群臣曰:「我雪山下王。念爾諸奴毀壞佛法,故來罰汝。然則過在一人,非關汝輩,各宜自安,唯扇惑其王首為惡者逐之他國,餘無所問。」既殲醜㜸,建立伽藍,召集僧徒,奉施而返。
前投印度苾芻聞國平定,杖錫旋歸,路逢群象鳴吼而來,苾芻見已,昇樹藏避,象乃吸水灌樹,以牙排掘,須臾樹倒。象以鼻卷苾芻,置背上負載而去。至一大林,中有病象患瘡而臥。象引苾芻手觸其苦處,見瘡有竹刺,為拔刺引去膿血,裂衣為裹,象得漸安。明日諸象競求菓味,奉施苾芻,苾芻食已,有一象將金函授於病者,病象得已,授與苾芻,苾芻受已,諸象載送出林,到舊處,置於地,跪拜而去。苾芻開函,乃佛牙也,將歸供養。近戒日王聞迦濕彌羅有佛牙,親至界首,請看禮拜。諸眾悋惜,不聽將出,乃別藏之。但其王懼戒日王之威,處處掘覓,得已將呈,戒日見之,深生敬重,恃其強力,遂奪歸供養,即此牙也。
散會後,王以所鑄金像、衣錢等付囑伽藍,令僧守護。法師先以辭那爛陀諸德,及取經像訖,罷論竟,至十九日辭王欲還。王曰:「弟子嗣承宗廟,為天下主,三十餘年,常慮福德不增廣,法因不相續,以故積集財寶,於鉢羅耶伽國兩河間立大會場,五年一請五印度沙門、婆羅門及貧窮孤獨,為七十五日無遮大施。已成五會,今欲作第六會,師何不暫看隨喜。」法師報曰:「菩薩為行,福慧雙修,智人得果,不忘其本。王尚不悋珍財,玄奘豈可辭。少停住,請隨王去。」王甚喜。至二十一日,發引向鉢羅耶伽國就大施場。
殑伽河在北,閻牟那河在南,俱從西北東流至此國而會。其二河合處,西有大墠,周圍十四五里,平坦如鏡,自昔諸王皆就其地行施,因號施場焉。相傳云,若於此地施一錢,勝餘處施百千錢,由是古來共重。王勅於墠上建施場,竪蘆為籬,面各千步,中作草堂數十間,安貯眾寶,皆金、銀、真珠、紅頗梨、寶帝青珠、大青珠等,其傍又作長舍數百間,貯憍奢耶衣、斑㲲衣、金銀錢等。籬外別作造食處,於寶庫前更造長屋百餘行,似此京邑肆行,一一長屋可坐千餘人。
先是王勅告五印度沙門、外道尼乾、貧窮孤獨,集施場受施。亦有因法師曲女城會不歸便往施所者,十八國王亦便逐王行。比至會場,道俗到者五十餘萬人。戒日王營殑伽河北岸,南印度王杜魯婆跋吒營合河西,鳩摩羅王營閻牟那河南花林側,諸受施人營跋吒王西。
辰旦,其戒日王與鳩摩羅王乘船軍,跋吒王從象軍,各整儀衛,集會場所,十八國諸王以次陪列。初一日,於施場草殿內安佛像,布施上寶上衣及美饌,作樂散花,至日晚歸營。第二日,安日天像,施寶及衣半於初日。第三日,安自在天像,施如日天。第四日,施僧僧萬餘人,百行俱坐,人施金錢百,文珠一枚,㲲衣一具,及飲食香花供養訖而出。第五番施婆羅門,二十餘日方遍。第六番施外道,十日方遍。第七番遍施遠方求者,十日方遍。第八番施諸貧窮孤獨者,一月方遍。至是,五年所積府庫俱盡,唯留象、馬、兵器,擬征暴亂,守護宗廟。自餘寶貨及在身衣服、瓔珞、耳璫、臂釧、寶鬘、頸珠、髻中明珠、總施無復孑遺。一切盡已,從其妹索麁弊衣著,禮十方佛,踊躍歡喜,合掌言曰:「某比來積集財寶,常懼不入堅牢之藏。今得貯福田中,可謂入藏矣。願某生生常具財法等施眾生,成十自在,滿二莊嚴。」會訖,諸王各持諸寶錢物,於諸眾邊贖王所施瓔珞、髻珠、御服等還將獻王。經數日,王衣服及上寶等服用如故。
法師辭欲歸,王曰:「弟子方欲共法師闡揚遺法,何遽即歸?」如是留連復十餘日,鳩摩羅王慇懃亦如是,謂法師曰:「師能住弟子處受供養者,當為師造一百寺。」法師見諸王意不解,乃告以苦言曰:「支那國去此遐遠,晚聞佛法,雖霑梗槩,不能委具,為此故來訪殊異耳。今果願者,皆由本土諸賢思渴誠深之所致也,以是不敢須臾而忘。經言:『障人法者,當代代無眼。』若留玄奘,則令彼無量行人失知法之利,無眼之報寧不懼哉!」
王曰:「弟子慕重師德,願常瞻奉,既損多人之益,實懼於懷,任師去住。雖然,不知師欲從何道而歸?師取南海去者,當發使相送。」法師報曰:「玄奘從支那來,至國西界,有國名高昌,其王明睿樂法,見玄奘來此訪道,深生隨喜,資給豐厚,願法師還日相過,情不能違,今者還須北路而去。」王曰:「師須幾許資糧?」法師報:「無所須。」王曰:「何得爾?」於是命施金錢等物,鳩摩羅王亦施眾珍,法師並皆不納。唯受鳩摩羅王曷剌釐帔(即麤毛下細者所作)。擬在塗防雨。於是告別,王及諸眾相餞數十里而歸。將分之際,嗚噎各不能已。
法師以經像等附北印度王烏地多軍,鞍乘漸進。後戒日王更附烏地王大象一頭、金錢三千、銀錢一萬,供法師行費。別三日,王更與鳩摩羅王、跋吒王等各將輕騎數百復來送別,其慇懃如是。仍遣達官四人名摩訶怛羅(類此散官也)。王以素㲲作書,紅泥封印,使達官奉書送法師所經諸國,令發乘遞送,終至漢境。
自發鉢羅耶伽國西南大林野中,行七日,到憍賞彌國,城南劬師羅長者施佛園處,禮聖跡訖,復與烏地多王西北行。一月餘日,歷數國,重禮天梯聖跡。復西北行三踰繕那,至毘羅那拏國都城。停兩月日,逢師子光、師子月同學二人,講《俱舍》、《攝論》、《唯識論》等,皆來迎接甚歡。法師至,又開《瑜伽決擇》及《對法論》等,兩月訖,辭歸。
復西北行一月餘日,經數國,至闍蘭達國,即北印度王都,復停一月。烏地王遣人引送,西行二十餘日,至僧訶補羅國,時有百餘僧皆北人,齎經像等依法師而還。如此復二十餘日,山㵎中行,其處多賊,法師恐相劫掠,常遣一僧預前行,若逢賊時,教說「遠來求法,今所齎持並經、像、舍利,願檀越擁護,無起異心。」法師率徒侶後進。時亦屢逢,然卒無害。
如是二十餘日行,至呾叉尸羅國,重禮月光王捨千頭處。國東北五十踰繕那即迦濕彌羅國,其王遣使迎請,法師為象行輜重不果去。停七日,又西北行三日至信度大河,河廣五六里,經像及同侶人並坐船而進,法師乘象涉渡。時遣一人在船看守經及印度諸異花種,將至中流,忽然風波亂起,搖動船舫,數將覆沒,守經者惶懼墮水,眾人共救得出,遂失五十夾經本及花果種等,自餘僅得保全。
時迦畢試王先在烏鐸迦漢茶城,聞法師至,躬到河側奉迎,問曰:「承師河中失經,師不將印度花果種來?」答曰:「將來。」王曰:「鼓浪傾船,事由於此。自昔以來,欲將花種渡者,並然。」因共法師還城,寄一寺停五十餘日,為失經本,更遣人往烏長(去聲)那國抄寫迦葉臂耶部三藏。迦濕彌王聞法師漸近,亦忘遠躬來參拜,累日方歸。
法師與迦畢試王相隨西北行,一月餘日,至藍波國境。王遣太子先去,勅都人及眾僧裝辦幢幡,出城迎候,王與法師漸發。比至,道俗數千人,幢幡甚盛,眾見法師,歡喜禮拜訖,前後圍遶讚詠而進。至都,停一大乘寺,時王亦為七十五日無遮大施。自此復正南行十五日,往伐剌拏國,禮聖跡。又西北,往阿薄健國。又西北,往漕矩吒國。又北行五百餘里,至佛栗氏薩儻那國。
從此東出,至迦畢試境,王又為七日大施。施訖,法師辭發。東北行一踰繕那,又至瞿盧薩謗城,與王別,北行。王遣一大臣將百餘人,送法師度雪山,負芻草糧食資給。行七日,至大山頂。其山疊嶂危峯,參差多狀,或平或聳,勢非一儀,登陟艱辛,難為備敘。自是不得乘馬,策杖而前。復經七日,至一高嶺,嶺下有村,可百餘家,養羊畜,羊大如驢。其日宿於此村,至夜半發,仍令村人乘山駝引路。其地多雪㵎淩溪,若不憑鄉人引導,交恐淪墜。至明晝日,方渡陵嶮,時唯七僧并雇人等有二十餘,象一頭、騾十頭、馬四匹。明日到嶺底,尋槃道復登一嶺,望之如雪,及至皆白石也。此嶺最高,雖雲結雪飛,莫至其表。是日將昏,方到山頂,而寒風凄凜,徒侶之中無能正立者。又山無卉木,唯積石攢峯,岌岌然如林笋矣。其處既山高風急,鳥將度者皆不得飛,自嶺南嶺北各行數百步外,方得舒其六翮矣。尋贍部洲中嶺岳之高,亦無過此者。
法師從西北下數里有少平地,施帳宿,旦而進,經五六日下山,至安怛羅縛婆國,即覩貨羅之故地。伽藍三所,僧徒數十,習大眾部法。有一窣堵波,無憂王建也。法師停五日。西北下山行四百餘里,至闊悉多國,亦覩貨羅之故地。從此西北復山行三百餘里,至活國,居縛芻河側,即覩貨羅東界,都城在河南岸。因見葉護可汗孫王覩貨羅,自稱葉護。至衙停一月,葉護遣衛送,共商侶東行。二日,至瞢健國。其傍又有阿利尼國、曷邏胡國、訖栗瑟摩國、鉢利曷國,皆覩貨羅故地也。
自瞢健復東行入山三百餘里,至呬摩怛羅國,亦覩貨羅故地。風俗大同突厥,而尤異者,婦人首冠木角,高三尺餘,前有兩岐,表夫父母,上岐表父,下岐表母,隨先喪亡,除去一岐;若舅姑俱歿,則舉冠全棄。自此復東行二百餘里,至鉢創那國,亦覩貨羅故地也。為寒雪,停月餘日。
從此又東南山行二百餘里,至淫薄健國。又東南履危躡嶮,行三百餘里,至屈(居勿反)浪拏國。從此又東北山行五百餘里,至達摩悉鐵帝國(亦名護密也)。國在兩山間,臨縛芻河,出善馬,形小而健。俗無禮義,性暴形陋,眼多碧綠,異於諸國。伽藍十餘所。昏馱多城,國之都也,中有伽藍,此國先王所立。伽藍中石佛像上有金銅圓蓋,雜寶裝瑩,自然住空,當於佛頂,人有禮旋,蓋亦隨轉,人停蓋止,莫測其靈(寺立因緣廣如別傳)。
從此國大山北至戶棄尼國。又越達摩悉鐵帝國至商彌國。從此復東山行七百餘里,至波謎羅川。川東西千餘里,南北百餘里,在兩雪山間,又當葱嶺之中,風雪飄飛,春夏不止,以其寒冽,卉木稀少,稼穡不滋,境域蕭條,無復人跡。川中有大龍池,東西三百里,南北五十餘里,處贍部洲中,地勢高隆,瞻之𣾘𣾘,目所不能極。水族之類千品萬種,喧聲交聒,若百工之肆焉。復有諸鳥,形高丈餘,鳥卵如甕。舊稱條支巨㲉,或當此也。池西分出一河,西至達摩悉鐵帝國東界,與縛芻河合而西流赴海,以右諸水亦皆同會。池東分一大河,東至佉沙國西界,與徙多河合而東流赴海,以左諸水亦並同會。川南山外有鉢露羅國,多金、銀,金色如火。又此池南北與阿耨池相當。
從此川東出,登危履雪,行五百餘里,至朅槃陀國。城依峻嶺,北背從多河,其河東入鹽澤,潛流地下,出積石山,為此國河源也。又其王聰慧,建國相承多歷年所,自云本是脂那提婆瞿怛羅(唐言漢日天種),王故宮有故尊者童受論師伽藍。尊者,怛叉始羅國人也,神晤英秀,日誦三萬二千言,兼書亦爾,遊戲眾法,雅閑著述,凡製論數十部,並盛宣行,即經部本師也。是時東有馬鳴,南有提婆,西有龍猛,北有童受,號為四日,能照有情之惑。童受聲譽既高,故先王躬伐其國,迎而供養。城東南三百餘里,至大石壁,有二石室,各一羅漢於中入滅盡定,端居不動,視若羸人,而竟無傾朽,已經七百餘歲矣。
法師在其國停二十餘日。復東北行五日,逢群賊,商侶驚怖登山,象被逐溺水死。賊過後,與商人漸進東下,冒寒履嶮,行八百餘里,出葱嶺至烏鎩國。城西二百里有大山,峰㠋甚峻,上有窣堵波。聞之舊說曰,數百年前,因雷震山崩,中有苾芻,身量枯偉,冥目而坐,鬢髮蔘蔘,垂覆肩面。有樵者見而白王,王躬觀禮,士庶傳聞,遠近同集,咸申供養,積花成𧂐。王曰:「此何人也?」有苾芻對曰:「此出家羅漢,入滅盡定者,歲月滋淹,故髮長耳。」王曰:「若何警寤令其起也?」對曰:「段食之身,出定便壞,宜先以酥乳灌灑,使潤霑腠理,然後擊揵槌,感而悟之,或可起也。」王曰:「善哉!」遂依僧語,灌乳擊槌。羅漢舉目而視曰:「爾輩何人,形被法服?」對曰:「我輩苾芻也。」彼曰:「我師迦葉波如來,今何所在?」對曰:「久入涅槃。」聞之愀然。重曰:「釋迦文佛成無上等覺未?」答曰:「已成,利物斯問,亦從寂滅。」聞已低眉良久,以手舉髮,起昇虛空,作大神變,化火焚身,遺骸墮地。王與大眾收骨,起窣堵波,即此塔也。
從此北行五百餘里,至佉沙國(舊曰疏勒,乃稱其城號也。正音宣云室利訖栗利多底也。疏勒之言尚。訛也)。從此東南行五百餘里,渡徙多河,踰大嶺,至斫句迦國(舊曰沮渠)。國南有大山,山多龕室,印度證果人多運神通,就之棲止,因入寂滅者眾矣。今猶有三羅漢住巖穴,入滅心定,鬢髮漸長,諸僧時往為剃。又此國多大乘經典,十萬頌為部者,凡有數十。
從此東行八百餘里,至瞿薩旦那國(唐曰地乳,即其俗之雅言也。俗謂渙那國,凶奴謂之于遁,諸胡謂之壑旦,印度謂之屈丹。舊曰于闐,訛也)。沙磧太半,宜穀豐菓。出𣰽毺、細氈,㲲工績絕細。又土多白玉、瑿玉。氣序和調,俗知禮義,尚學好音韻,風儀詳整,異諸胡俗。文字遠遵印度,微有改耳。重佛法,伽藍百所,僧五千餘人,多學大乘。其王雄智勇武,尊愛有德,自云毘沙門天之胤也。王之先祖即無憂王之太子,在怛叉始羅國,後被譴出雪山北,養牧逐水草,至此建都,久而無子,因禱毘沙門天廟,廟神額上剖出一男,復於廟前地生奇味,甘香如乳,取而養子,遂至成長。王崩,後嗣立,威德遐被,力并諸國,今王即其後也。先祖本因地乳資成,故于闐正音稱地乳國焉。
法師入其境,至勃伽夷城,城中有坐佛像,高七尺餘,首戴寶冠,威顏圓滿。聞諸舊說,像本在迦濕彌羅國,請來到此。昔有羅漢,有一沙彌身嬰疹疾,臨將捨壽,索酢米餅,師以天眼觀見瞿薩旦那有,潛運神足,乞而與之。沙彌食已歡喜,樂生其國,願力無違,命終即生王家。嗣立之後,才略驍雄,志思吞攝,乃踰雪山伐其舊國。時迦濕彌王亦簡將練兵,欲事攘拒。羅漢曰:「不勞舉刃,我自遣之。」即往瞿薩旦那王所,為說頂生貪暴之失,及示先身沙彌衣服。王見已得宿命智,深生愧恧,與迦濕彌王結好而罷,仍迎先所供像,隨軍還國。像至此城住而不進,王與眾軍盡力移轉,卒不能動,即於像上營構精廬,招延僧侶,捨所愛冠莊嚴佛頂。其冠見在,極多貴寶,覩者歎焉。
法師停七日,于闐王聞法師到其境,躬來迎謁。後日發引,王先還都,留兒侍奉。行二日,王又遣達官來迎,離城四十里宿。明日,王與道俗將音樂香花接於路左。既至,延入城,安置於小乘薩婆多寺。王城南十餘里有大伽藍,此國先王為毘盧折那(唐言遍照)阿羅漢造也。昔此國法教未霑,而羅漢自迦濕彌羅至此,宴坐林中。時有見者,怪其形服,以狀白王。王聞親往觀其容止,問曰:「爾何人,獨栖林野?」曰:「我如來弟子,法爾閑居。」王曰:「稱如來者,復何義也?」答曰:「如來者即佛陀之德號。昔淨飯王太子一切義成,愍諸眾生沈沒苦海,無救無歸,乃棄七寶千子之資、四洲輪王之位,閑林進道,六年果成,獲金色之身,證無師之法,灑甘露於鹿苑,耀摩尼於鷲峯,八十年中,示教利喜,化緣既盡,息應歸真,遺像遺典,傳通猶在,王以宿福位為人主,當法輪之付囑,作有識之依歸,冥而不聞,是何理也?」王曰:「某罪累淹積,不聞佛名。今蒙聖人降德,猶是餘福。既有遺像、遺典,請奉修行。」羅漢報曰:「必願樂者,當先建立伽藍,則靈像自至。」王於是旋駕,與群臣詳擇勝地,命選匠人,問羅漢造立之式,因而建焉。寺成,王重請曰:「伽藍已就,佛儀何在?」報曰:「王但至誠,像至非遠。」王共大臣及士庶等各燒香捧花,一心而立。須臾間有佛像自空而來,降於寶座,光暉晃朗,容顏肅然。王見歡喜,稱慶無極,并請羅漢為眾說法,因與國人廣興供養。故此伽藍即最初之立也。
法師前為渡河失經,到此更使人往屈支、疏勒訪本,及為于闐王留連,未獲即還,因修表使高昌小兒逐商伴入朝,陳己昔往婆羅門國求法,今得還歸到于闐。其表曰:「沙門玄奘言。奘聞馬融該贍,鄭玄就扶風之師,伏生明敏,晁錯躬濟南之學。是知儒林近術,古人猶且遠求,況諸佛利物之玄蹤,三藏解纏之妙說,敢憚塗遙而無尋慕者也。玄奘往以佛興西域,遺教東傳,然則勝典雖來而圓宗尚闕,常思訪學,無顧身命。遂以貞觀三年四月,冒越憲章,私往天竺。踐流沙之漫漫,陟雪嶺之巍巍,鐵門巉嶮之塗,熱海波濤之路。始自長安神邑,終于王舍新城,中間所經五萬餘里。雖風俗千別,艱危萬重,而憑恃天威,所至無鯁。仍蒙厚禮,身不辛苦,心願獲從,遂得觀耆闍崛山,禮菩提之樹,見不見迹,聞未聞經,窮宇宙之靈奇,盡陰陽之化育,宣皇風之德澤,發殊俗之欽思,歷覽周遊一十七載。今已從鉢羅耶伽國經迦畢試境,越葱嶺,渡波謎羅川歸還,達於于闐。為所將大象溺死,經本眾多,未得鞍乘,以是少停,不獲奔馳早謁軒陛,無任延仰之至。謹遣高昌俗人馬玄智隨商侶奉表先聞。」
是後為于闐諸僧講《瑜伽》、《對法》、《俱舍》、《攝大乘論》,一日一夜,四論遞宣,王與道俗歸依聽受,日有千數。時間經七八月,使還,蒙恩勅降使迎勞曰:「聞師訪道殊域,今得歸還,歡喜無量,可即速來與朕相見。其國僧解梵語及經義者,亦任將來,朕已勅于闐等道使諸國送師,人力鞍乘應不少乏,令燉煌官司於流沙迎接,鄯鄯於沮沬迎接。」法師奉勅已,即進發,于闐王資餞甚厚。
自發都三百餘里,東至媲摩城。城有雕檀立佛像,高二丈餘,質狀端嚴,甚多靈應。人有疹疾,隨其苦處以金薄帖像,病即瘳愈;凡有願求,多蒙果遂。相傳云,昔佛在世,憍賞彌國鄔陀衍那王所作,佛滅度後,自彼飛來,至此國北曷勞落迦城,後復自移到此(因緣如別傳)。又相傳有記云,釋迦法滅,像入龍宮。從媲摩城東入沙磧,行二百餘里,至泥壤城。
又從此東入大流沙,風動沙流,地無水草,多熱毒魑魅之患。無逕路,行人往返,望人畜遺骸以為幖幟,磽确難涉,委如前序。又行四百餘里,至覩貨邏故國。又行六百餘里,至折摩馱那故國,即沮沬地。又東北行千餘里,至納縛波故國,即樓蘭地,展轉達於自境。得鞍乘已,放于闐使人及馱馬還。有勅酬其勞,皆不受而去。
既至沙州,又附表。時帝在洛陽宮。表進,知法師漸近,勅西京留守左僕射梁國公房玄齡使有司迎待。法師承上欲問罪遼濱,恐稽緩不及,乃倍途而進,奄至漕上。官司不知迎接,威儀莫暇陳設,而聞者自然奔湊,觀禮盈衢,更相登踐,欲進不得,因宿於漕上矣。
大唐大慈恩寺三藏法師傳卷第五